…Pressures in the heart and pulmonary circulation Flow, resistance and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output =…

…care unit or another setting that allows frequent blood pressure measurement and continuous monitoring. An arterial line is often appropriate when very rapid or precise…

…be functionally significant, whereas a severe appearing lesion may not produce demonstrable ischaemia. Functional assessment with pressure or flow measurements, intravascular imaging, or fractional flow…

…left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left ventricular function also lowers pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, thereby reducing the load faced…

…atrial activity. The investigation is diagnostic, not therapeutic. An unstable patient should be cardioverted, not investigated. Contraindications Haemodynamic instability — hypotension, shock, impaired consciousness or pulmonary…

…diastolic reserve becomes evident, with a rise in left atrial and pulmonary pressures that contributes to exertional breathlessness and reduced exercise capacity. Multiorgan and comorbidity…

…is clinically secure and the LVEF measurement is reliable. Nevertheless, these findings increase diagnostic confidence. The presence of symptoms alone is insufficient. Anaemia and pulmonary…

…dilation. Atrial dilation causes a significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The increase in left atrial pressure may also propagate backward to the pulmonary circulation…

…blood pressure: the maximum arterial pulsatile pressure during systole. With auscultatory measurement, it corresponds to the appearance of the first Korotkoff sound. Diastolic blood pressure…

…know by heart is that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or…