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Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…Mural vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…segment depression or T wave inversion can occur without coronary artery disease. Proposed explanations in the source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation…

Noradrenaline, Dobutamine and Levosimendan: Practical Infusion Use

…symptoms may be challenging to differentiate from normal physiological changes of pregnancy. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide a detailed description…

Casting and immobilisation

…or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal…

High-Sensitivity Troponin: 0/1-Hour Rule-In and Rule-Out Algorithms

…predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is a marker of myocardial injury, not a disease specific marker of myocardial…

Abscess incision and drainage

…request form. Drainage material: rubber dam drain, a strip cut from a glove, petrolatum impregnated packing strip or a vessel loop for loop drainage. Gauze…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material addresses posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia and conduction disorders arise from dysfunction within the sinus node, the atrioventricular node (AVN…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…presenting feature. The source material emphasizes that patients and families should be educated to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to…

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