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Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…Mural vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation, transient rate related conduction abnormalities, pacing related repolarization changes, and inadequate coronary flow relative to myocardial…

Noradrenaline, Dobutamine and Levosimendan: Practical Infusion Use

…congestion. In pregnant patients presenting with suspected acute heart failure, urgent hospital admission and referral to an expert centre with advanced heart failure care capabilities…

Casting and immobilisation

…or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal…

High-Sensitivity Troponin: 0/1-Hour Rule-In and Rule-Out Algorithms

…Evaluation and Physical Examination Patients with suspected ACS should undergo expedited emergency department assessment. The initial evaluation includes: Targeted medical history Physical examination Vital sign…

Abscess incision and drainage

…surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding, vascular injury, pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the…

Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis on the Standard ECG

…or chest pain equivalent symptoms. The ECG assessment remains necessary even when symptoms have improved by the time of medical evaluation, because transient or evolving…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…extent of myocardial injury is strongly influenced by total ischaemic time. This interval includes: The time from symptom onset to recognition and seeking medical assistance…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood…

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