…upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents…

…gravity and slow movement; those that fail usually do so because the patient tenses up with pain, or because the operator pulls harder rather than…

…4. Measure the blood pressure in both arms at the first assessment, particularly in chest pain, back pain or suspected acute aortic syndrome. 5. Use…

…venous disease Reduced mobility Osteoarthritis and low back pain Symptoms of type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance…

…study myocardial motion. Myocardial motion during systole and diastole alter the frequency of ultrasound waves that are reflected back to the transducer. There are two…

…accumulates in the pericardial space. Intrapericardial pressure may reach the point where the ventricles and atria can no longer relax normally, and the ventricles may…

…With ultrasound guidance, the point at which the fluid lies most superficially is chosen and the needle is followed all the way in, which has…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…The quality of the test determines its entire value: a poorly performed manoeuvre gives a falsely low FVC and thus a falsely normal FEV₁/FVC…

…de and repolarization ions (Na + [sodium], K + [potassium] and Ca 2+ [calcium]) flow back and forth across the cell membrane. Because ions are electrically charged…