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Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves (the lateral aspects of the…

ECG manifestations of left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion and critical stenosis

…lateral walls, and the posterior wall if the LCx supplies the posterior descending artery (PDA) in a left dominant circulation (i.e. 10 15% of…

Lumbar puncture

…cord ends at T12–L1, so these levels encounter only the roots of the cauda equina. If in doubt: choose a level lower, never higher…

Physiological Assessment of Coronary Stenoses and Revascularization Decisions

…stenosis. Cutoff ≤ 0.80. Deepest outcome trial evidence base of any physiological index; lesion specific and largely independent of resting hemodynamics; guideline reference standard. Requires…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary…

NSTEMI: Risk Stratification and Timing of the Invasive Strategy

…an obstructive coronary lesion without avoidable delay. In contrast, haemodynamically stable patients without ST segment elevation after successful resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest…

Coronary Anatomy and Segmental Classification for the Clinician

…a left main coronary stenosis of at least 50% is considered significant. These thresholds describe luminal narrowing, not necessarily the physiological effect of the lesion…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

Fractional Flow Reserve and Non-Hyperaemic Pressure Ratios

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…alter the local vascular environment. The extracellular matrix is an active component of lesion development rather than merely a structural scaffold. Smooth muscle cells and…

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