Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Dietary patterns are the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health…

…whereas isolated ST depression in a woman with a low pre test probability is usually a false positive. Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an…

…level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated sinus bradycardia in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic…

…and/or 100–109 Grade 3 hypertension ≥ 180 and/or ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 and < 90 Thresholds for different measurement methods Measurement technique…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…An isolated raised ALP — check the GGT. A normal GGT shifts the suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other…

…dynamic and may improve or worsen with illness, treatment, or other interventions. Frailty commonly overlaps with multimorbidity and is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease…

…The European definition uses BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence…

…manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease…

…Posterior involvement is commonly associated with inferior or lateral myocardial infarction. Consequently, posterior infarction should not be regarded as an isolated electrocardiographic pattern in every…

…mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and classification must integrate haemodynamics with the patient’s clinical context and the results of all relevant investigations. Haemodynamic definition At…

…identified in 86% of patients with SCAD. SCAD should therefore prompt consideration of systemic arteriopathy rather than being regarded solely as an isolated coronary event…

…or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish isolated myocardial injury…

…the law of conservation of energy , which states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time; energy can neither be created…

…adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome…

…meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating…

…in older patients with multiple vascular comorbidities. An isolated PAU is one without associated IMH, dissection, or saccular aneurysm. Symptomatic isolated lesions may represent early…

…heart failure—particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction—and chronic kidney disease. After approximately 70 years of age, isolated systolic hypertension accounts for more…

…and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments. Heart failure is defined physiologically by the inability…

…adherence, although prospective outcome trials have not directly established that upfront combination therapy is superior to upfront monotherapy for every patient with isolated hypertension. Single…

…injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use. No reflow may also occur in association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…Normal T wave inversion An isolated (single) T wave inversion in lead V1 is common and normal. It is generally concordant with the QRS complex …

…represents the rapid repolarization phase (phase 3). The T wave is normally concordant with the QRS complex, which means that a net positive QRS complex…

…electrode). Lead III occasionally displays a large isolated Q wave; this is called a respiratory Q wave, because its amplitude varies with respiration. Lead III…

…fascicular block, the myocardium without fascicular supply will depend on impulses spreading from other parts of the ventricle (where the fascicle is intact). Figure 1…

…wide P waves with low amplitude. Prenodal block is, however, uncommon. Prognosis of first degree AV block Isolated first degree AV block with normal QRS…

Cardiology Definition and terminology Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart…

…and ischemia/infarction). Studies demonstrate that individuals with acute myocardial infarction who do not display bundle branch block on the arrival ECG, will in most…

…as T waves with an amplitude between +1 and 1 mm. Ischemic T wave inversions It is a widespread misunderstanding that isolated T wave inversions…

…impulse cannot travel directly from atrial myocardium to ventricular myocardium because the two are electrically isolated from each other by the fibrous rings ( anulus fibrosus)…

…the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end…

…hyperemic mean transit time — isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive epicardial arteries …

…a flush system with physiological saline in a pressure bag inflated to 300 mmHg , which provides a continuous slow flush. Ultrasound with a high frequency…

…in kg Always have one size smaller to hand. The cuff is inflated to 20–30 cmH₂O measured with a manometer — a higher pressure ca