…habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods…

…Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an intermediate pre test probability of coronary artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease…

…Isolated sinus bradycardia in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of…

…mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of…

…coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia. The blood…

…An isolated raised ALP — check the GGT. A normal GGT shifts the suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other…

…fit and independent generally benefit from guideline directed blood pressure treatment similar to that used in younger adults, provided it is tolerated. Patients with functional…

…consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension…

…circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological…

…regarded as an isolated electrocardiographic pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The…

…mmHg ≤15 mmHg 2 Wood units Isolated postcapillary PH (IpcPH) 20 mmHg 15 mmHg ≤2 Wood units Combined pre and postcapillary PH (CpcPH) 20 mmHg…

…during pregnancy or after delivery. The clinical context is particularly important. SCAD should be considered in a young or middle aged woman with ACS and

…distinguish isolated myocardial injury from infarction caused by acute ischaemia. Acute myocardial infarction Acute MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and…

…velocity (v) and density (D) of the liquid: Formula 2 : K = 0.5 • D blood • v 2 With regards to echocardiography and ultrasound imaging…

…fluid and early contact with anaesthesia or intensive care Refractory anaphylaxis Persisting airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of adrenaline and…

…everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and…

…and frequently occurs in older patients with multiple vascular comorbidities. An isolated PAU is one without associated IMH, dissection, or saccular aneurysm. Symptomatic isolated lesions…

…heart failure—particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction—and chronic kidney disease. After approximately 70 years of age, isolated systolic hypertension accounts for more…

…loop diuretic therapy Congestion with hypoperfusion Loop diuretic therapy; consider inotropic support Persistent congestion despite initial therapy Increase diuretic dose and/or combine diuretic classes…

…control and adherence, although prospective outcome trials have not directly established that upfront combination therapy is superior to upfront monotherapy for every patient with isolated…

…procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational atherectomy, and procedures performed for acute myocardial infarction. In SVG…

…in leads V1 V4 in black athletes. C: PR interval <120 ms with a delta wave and wide QRS (≥120 ms). D: QRS duration ≥140…

…Normal T wave inversion An isolated (single) T wave inversion in lead V1 is common and normal. It is generally concordant with the QRS complex …

…normally concordant with the QRS complex, which means that a net positive QRS complex should be followed by a positive T wave and vice versa…

…least two anatomically contiguous leads. In patients with STEMI, ST segment elevations and pathological Q waves occur in the same leads, which is why pathological…

…with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, degenerative disease, hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and…

…Prognosis of first degree AV block Isolated first degree AV block with normal QRS complexes has very good prognosis and may even occur in otherwise…

…Registry data, including the Get With The Guidelines Heart Failure (GWTG HF) and the SWEDEHEART registries, demonstrate that while the incidence of HFrEF has stabilized…

…one must be familiar with the vascular supply to these components. Figure 1 presents all relevant parts of the conduction system and their source of…

…as T waves with an amplitude between +1 and 1 mm. Ischemic T wave inversions It is a widespread misunderstanding that isolated T wave inversions…

…electrically isolated from each other by the fibrous rings ( anulus fibrosus). However, some people have an additional (also called accessory) connection between the atria and…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades…

…and a flush system with physiological saline in a pressure bag inflated to 300 mmHg , which provides a continuous slow flush. Ultrasound with a high…

…in kg Always have one size smaller to hand. The cuff is inflated to 20–30 cmH₂O measured with a manometer — a higher pressure ca