…pressure and thereby increases ventilation and lowers the carbon dioxide. Pulmonary oedema calls for the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the…

…patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway…

…The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs)…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…patients with a high to very high risk of CAD, invasive coronary angiography is the first line option. Coronary computerized tomography angiography (CCTA) is currently…

…target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high…

…severe right sided failure and cardiogenic shock. The haemodynamic disturbance results from impaired right ventricular contraction and reduced forward flow through the pulmonary circulation. Consequently…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease…

…PH is defined invasively by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) greater than 20 mmHg. The haemodynamic phenotype is then determined using pulmonary arterial wedge…