…of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves…

…been assessed for tendon and nerve injury will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination…

…risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access is not immediately available. Shock, severe trauma, burns or status epilepticus when peripheral access…

…advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease…

…altered shear stress and intimal injury promote atherosclerosis. The principal anatomical distributions are: Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients…

…marked elevation of CK and threatened kidney injury, as an adjunct to the decisive measure: early and generous fluid administration. The benefit of alkalinisation over…

…or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These abnormalities…

…Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as…

…and action potential duration of affected myocardial cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on…

…peripheral vasoconstriction, impaired consciousness, a rising lactate or a worsening acidosis. An assessed need for at least 4 units of red cells within 1 hour…