…treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. The biological differences between females and males arise partly from the chromosomal distinction between XX and XY individuals…

…to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying genetic predisposition, structural heart disease…

…Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been elucidated in recent studies from China and Italy (1–5…

…with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions…

…Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)…

…Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease: Reduction of inflammasome activation. Inhibition of interleukin 1β…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months…

…inflammatory disease of the arteries. It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration…

…be considered. Effective lipid lowering improves survival and reduces cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of the baseline cholesterol concentration. Intensive statin…

…cutaneous vasculitis, lymphoma or granulomatous disease. A treatment resistant rash without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…exaggerated maternal inflammatory response, and disturbed angiogenic signalling. A central biochemical feature is an imbalance between antiangiogenic and angiogenic factors. Placental production of soluble fms…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…context of inflammatory heart disease, it often reflects myocardial pathology that may also reduce myocardial contractility and cause ventricular fibrosis, thereby increasing the risk of…

…stent disease is driven predominantly by tissue accumulation within the stented segment rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of ISR…

…and inflammatory extravascular compression. This impaired tissue perfusion can extend injury beyond the initial ischemic zone and contributes to ventricular failure. Mechanisms of Shock The…

…promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and vasoconstricting mediators, producing abnormal vascular responses and potentially increasing the future risk of obstructive coronary disease…

…36–54 hours The equivalences apply to the anti inflammatory effect. They say nothing about the mineralocorticoid effect or about suppression of the HPA axis…

…4.0 million deaths worldwide, with more than two thirds—roughly 67%—of these fatalities resulting from cardiovascular disease (CVD). 1 While BMI remains the…

…per particle or unit of cholesterol than LDL cholesterol. Clinical implications High Lp(a) is independently associated with first and recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest and most consistent cardiovascular signal is reduction…

…Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft tissues over the puncture site — use…

…years Male sex Previous upper gastrointestinal disease Hepatic or renal disease Multiple cardiovascular risk factors Concomitant nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs Corticosteroid therapy Other antiplatelet or…

…background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately…

…Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma…

…Loeys–Dietz syndrome Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Inflammatory aortitis, including Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis Bicuspid aortic valve Coarctation of the aorta Previous aortic trauma…

…investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress…

…systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension. The high mortality associated with sepsis underscores the critical importance of…

…to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is…

…antigens and initiate an inflammatory response. The presence of antibodies directed against cardiac tissue, the latent interval of several weeks, improvement with anti inflammatory treatment…

…pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic…

…oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and, in the most…

…a result of stunning. The systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia causes a state similar to SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) with risk of disseminated…