…Hypothyroidism . Hypothermia . Hyperkalemia . ECG example of sinus bradycardia Figure 1 shows sinus bradycardia at a paper speed of 25 mm/s. Figure 1. Sinus bradycardia…

Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug…

…and hyperkalemia. For recurrent symptomatic bradycardia, temporary or permanent pacing may be required. However, transcutaneous pacing in the setting of cardiac arrest has not demonstrated…

…women, respectively, should be considered abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves…

…acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia. This condition is potentially fatal and necessitates prompt intervention, including sedation and the administration of Dantrolene. References DeBehnke…

…Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

…hyperkalemia). Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and…

…Lathundar ECG Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST segment elevation measured at the…

…Hypoxia (hypoxemia) Hyperkalemia. Hyperthermia Increased intracranial pressure Irreversible causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart…

…hypothermia, and hyperkalemia. When bradycardia occurs in the context of inflammatory heart disease, it often reflects myocardial pathology that may also reduce myocardial contractility and…

…hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Isolated LAFB is considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly…

…ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave inversions (lead V5, V6, aVL, I). ECG in moderate hyperkalaemia Previously mentioned ECG changes becomes…

…Side effects of drugs (diltiazem, verapamil, beta blockers, digitalis). Hypoxia. Myocardial ischemia/infarction. Hyperkalemia. Treatment of sinoatrial arrest/pause Sinus arrest/pause due to increased…

…wave is prominent (such as in hyperkalemia, early repolarization or even early phases of ischemia). To conclude, concave ST segment elevation is atypical of ischemia…

…or hyperkalaemic ECG changes at any level Immediate emergency treatment, continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious…

…hyperkalaemia, postural symptoms. Suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine…

…in the same order every time, reduces the risk of missing abnormalities. The eight steps below go through the rhythm and then the waveforms one…

…on the ventilator. See the article on confusion for the management of delirium in intensive care. Renal replacement therapy Absolute indications: refractory hyperkalaemia, refractory acidosis…

…10 mL of 100 mg/mL in hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, calcium channel blocker poisoning 0.2 mL/kg Sodium bicarbonate 50 mmol in hyperkalaemia or tricyclic…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…hyperkalaemia, hypoglycaemia. Give hydrocortisone and an isotonic crystalloid. Exact doses according to the local protocol. Tapering after pharmacological treatment Duration and dose Risk of HPA…

…less common (one third of patients), is defined as a wave occurring on the initial part of the ST segment. Hyperkalaemia may cause ST segment…

…hypercalcemia, early repolarization and Brugada syndrome. Early repolarization, Brugada syndrome and hypercalcemia are discussed separately. Please refer to these articles. ECG examples of each condition…

Info A comprehensive list of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS…

…Hypokalemia is likely to predispose to the pro arrhythmic effects of disopyramide. Structural heart disease also increases the risk of developing arrhythmias during disopyramide treatment…

…Flushing. Tachycardia. Nausea. Hypokalemia. Increased intra ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. Caution Used cautiously in patients with glaucoma or increased intracranial pressure. Fenoldopam doses…

…maximal hyperaemia More precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of…

…in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple QT…

…atazanavir) Hypokalemia Hypocalcemia Hypomagnesemia Cerebrovascular insult (bleeding) Myocardial ischemia Cardiomyopathy Bradycardia Hypothyroidism Hypothermia A separate chapter discusses Long QT syndrome (LQTS). A complete list of…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Sotalol is a nonselective beta adrenoceptor blocker devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity that also prolongs cardiac repolarization…

…plasma levels of digoxin in the setting of hypokalemia. Arrhythmias caused by digoxin Digoxin may cause virtually all known arrhythmias. However, none of the ECG…

…a patient's sensitivity to digitalis related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced age, hypokalemia, chronic lung disease…