…Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment. Cold intravenous fluids (1 2 L crystalloid, with rate 500 ml/h). Cold shower. Ice packs. Heat…

…and finally a reduction in heart rate. This sequence is characteristic of neurally mediated hypotension. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Vasovagal syncope is frequently preceded by…

…ventricle, capable of generating sufficient cardiac output at low heart rates. During vasovagal syncope (e.g during intense emotional stress) During vagal maneuvers (Valsalva maneuver…

…known heart disease. Risk assessment after myocardial infarction or before revascularisation. Evaluation of treatment effect in stable angina. Exercise induced arrhythmia or exercise induced syncope…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…and hyperkalemia. When bradycardia occurs in the context of inflammatory heart disease, it often reflects myocardial pathology that may also reduce myocardial contractility and cause…

…sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered …

…heart failure, myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz…

…and syncope may also occur [5]. Non Cardiac Causes Several non cardiac conditions can present with chest pain that requires careful differentiation from ischemic heart…

…or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output, such as pre syncope or syncope…

…of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min 1.5 Immobilisation ≥ 3 days or surgery in…

…risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of an…

…risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of an…

…from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA). The formula takes into account the following variables…

…in the presence of heart failure. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with acquired QT prolongation and drug induced TdP typically present with near syncope, syncope…

…remain substantial. At the same time, adverse effects such as hypotension, syncope, falls, and functional deterioration may have greater consequences in frail patients. Clinical Assessment…

…with falls, syncope, renal deterioration, functional decline, and cognitive impairment. Heart failure Heart failure represents a major intersection between cardiovascular disease and geriatric medicine. Its…

…blood supply. Stress increases myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of a flow limiting coronary stenosis, supply cannot…

…fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure. General hypoxia. Autonomic nervous system Neurocardiogenic syncope. Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity. Electrolyte…

…most common indications are as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Evaluation of coronary artery disease…

…sudden cardiac arrest. The most common acute symptoms are dizziness (pre syncope), hypotension (chock), syncope, chest pain, heart failure and cardiac arrest. In cases with…

…typically experience fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, presyncope/syncope, or diminished exercise tolerance. Whenever such symptoms are associated with ECG evidence of sinus node dysfunction, the condition…

…fibrillation prior to the cardiac arrest. Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy…

…which results in reduced stroke volume and reduced cardiac output. Most patients experience presyncope or syncope if the arrhythmia is sustained. In its fulminant course…

…Another male patient, with similar ST segment changes, experienced syncopal episodes, ventricular tachycardia (including torsades des pointes), ventricular fibrillation arrests and moderate left ventricular dysfunction…

…and evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status…

…on the ECG. Subacute rupture may be suggested by: Nausea. Hypotension. Pericardial or pleuritic discomfort. Syncope. Restlessness. Jugular venous distension. Pulsus paradoxus. The pericardium may…

…atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However…

…is not an absolute rule. While it often holds true for cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not…

…morphologically normal on echocardiography and cardiac MRI during the first two decades of life. The most common initial presentation is palpitations or syncope. ARVC can…

…Figure 1. Components of the ventricular conduction system and the temporal association between the ECG waveforms and impulse transmission through the heart. Atrioventricular (AV) blocks…

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, depression, dementia and osteoporosis. It also improves functional capacity, skeletal health, muscular…

…fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent…

Info Heart rate (bpm) = 60000 / cycle length Cycle length (ms) = 60000 / heart rate Heart rate (BPM) Cycle length (ms) Heart rate (BPM) Cycle…

…regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability…

…than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by: Symptoms and/or signs of HF. A left ventricular ejection…

…Crucially, contemporary definitions distinguish HFpEF from "Heart Failure with improved EF" (HFimpEF). HFimpEF refers to patients with a historical baseline LVEF ≤40% that has subsequently…

Cardiology Definition and terminology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical signs…

…significant geographical variations. Roughly 25% of children with congenital heart disease require intervention during their first year of life ( Triedman et al ). According to the…

…sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction from beta blockers is that it lowers heart rate without directly reducing myocardial contractility or altering vascular tone. Accordingly…

…reaching 4%. ECG in takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) 80% of patients have localized ST segment elevations (mostly in the chest leads). The morphology of…

Overview of diagnosis, classification and management of heart failure

…between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of ECG…

…I and II. Heart axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular…

…adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure…

…workload leads to increased oxygen demand but the stenosis limits the volume that can be delivered to the heart muscle supplied by the atherosclerotic artery…

Cardiology Key points Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of…

ECG Video lecture: Assessment of the electrical axis of the heart

…the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

Referensvärden A child's ECG changes continuously with age: the heart rate, the electrical axis and the waveform in the newborn differ markedly from adult…

Info The ECG shows AV block III (complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR…

Echocardiography Endocarditis Endocarditis implies that a bacterial infection engages the heart valves and this is a serious condition. The focus of infection on the flap…