…the initial dose should be reduced to 3 mg. Heart transplant patients: Due to denervation, which makes the sinus and AV nodes supersensitive to the…

Info Heart rate (bpm) = 60000 / cycle length Cycle length (ms) = 60000 / heart rate Heart rate (BPM) Cycle length (ms) Heart rate (BPM) Cycle…

…The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full…

…by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by: Symptoms and/or signs of HF. A left ventricular ejection fraction…

…clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%…

…Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified by the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA and 2021/2023 ESC guidelines as HF with a…

…there are three types of heart failure: HFPEF , HFmrEF and HFREF . This classification is based primarily on the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…there are three types of heart failure: HFPEF , HFmrEF and HFREF . This classification is based primarily on the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms…

…significant geographical variations. Roughly 25% of children with congenital heart disease require intervention during their first year of life ( Triedman et al ). According to the…

…inhibitors and inducers. Clinical indications Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction Ivabradine is an adjunctive option for selected patients with symptomatic HFrEF. The guideline defined…

…reaching 4%. ECG in takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) 80% of patients have localized ST segment elevations (mostly in the chest leads). The morphology of…

Overview of diagnosis, classification and management of heart failure

…contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of ECG…

…I and II. Heart axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular…

…adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure…

…workload leads to increased oxygen demand but the stenosis limits the volume that can be delivered to the heart muscle supplied by the atherosclerotic artery…

Cardiology Key points Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of…

ECG Video lecture: Assessment of the electrical axis of the heart

…Symptoms Exercise performance (functional capacity, exercise capacity) Heart rate: maximal heart rate, heart rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG reaction: ST changes, T wave changes…

Calculators CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex…

Referensvärden A child's ECG changes continuously with age: the heart rate, the electrical axis and the waveform in the newborn differ markedly from adult…

Info The ECG shows AV block III (complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR…

Echocardiography Endocarditis Endocarditis implies that a bacterial infection engages the heart valves and this is a serious condition. The focus of infection on the flap…

Echocardiography Right ventricular strain When assessing the right half of the heart, it is important to familiarize yourself with the principles of hemodynamics and conditions…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus rhythm: the normal rhythm of the heart A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats with identical waveforms on the…

Echocardiography Principles of flows and volumes in the heart If the flow in a cylinder is constant, then flow (Q) is the product of the…

…Corrected QT Interval. QTc Calculator Heart Rate QT Interval (in msec) Calculate QTc Values $(document).ready(function() { $(" qtc form").on('submit', function(event…

…Drug Nitroprusside Brand names Nipride ®, Nipride RTU ®, Nitropress ®. Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

Echocardiography Cardiac tumors Cardiac tumors are rare. They can occur anywhere in the heart or surrounding tissue. Tumors can be localized in the myocardium, pericardium…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

…Treatment and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) There is overwhelming evidence that ACE inhibitors should be used in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Emergency medicine Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia encompasses a spectrum of rhythm disturbances characterized by an inappropriately slow heart rate. Within…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…ECG blog Coronary artery disease: On LDL cholesterol, dietary fat & statins You are probably aware that ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease…

…The amplitude of the waveform recorded in any given lead correlates directly with the projection of the heart vector onto that specific lead vector [3]…

Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG Digoxin ECG changes: arrhythmias, conduction defects and waveform changes Digoxin may be used in patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

Echocardiography Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid stenosis is a rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or…

…sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered …

…are routinely missed. The third thing to know by heart is that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous…

…↑ ↓ Vital signs and measures of perfusion Parameter Normal Comment : : : Heart rate 50–100/min MAP 70–105 mmHg Target ≥ 65 mmHg in shock…

…commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli and unloads the heart, whereas bilevel NIV delivers pressure support…

…and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic…

…symptoms, blood pressure response, heart rate response, arrhythmias and recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is…

…it does not increase heart rate, and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption. Time to onset of action: 5 minutes. Effects Lowers blood pressure, reduces heart rate…

…of action Beta 1 adrenergic blocker. Effects Lowers blood pressure, reduces heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial contractility. Less pronounced blood pressure lowering effect…

…Nitrolingual ®, Nitromist ®, Nitrostat ®, Rectiv ®, Trinipatch ® Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood…

…of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event…

…medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care…

…coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a…

…with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and coronary artery disease (CAD), and after acute coronary syndromes in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection…

…the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment in decompensated heart failure (DHF)…

…worldwide [15]. Clinical Presentation and Course Both AL and ATTR CA typically present as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and a multitude of…