…suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding…

…flushing or angio oedema, together with at least one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to…

…wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside. The check against the patient's…

…always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever, abdominal pain, encephalopathy, rising creatinine, gastrointestinal bleeding…

…and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid. Uric acid excretion agents (e.g., probenecid): Salicylates counteract the effect of…

…surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, or active peptic ulcer). Patients weighing < 60 kg (maintenance dose of 5 mg recommended instead of 10 mg). Patients receiving medications…

…aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The…

…The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes…

…antihistamines, and the gastrointestinal stimulant cisapride [1]. The estimated incidence of DI LQTS and DI TdP is drug dependent, ranging between 1% and 8% for…

…or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus and ongoing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Marked agitation or inability to cooperate. Copious secretions without an effective cough. Choice of method…

…unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding syndrome…

…repeated units of red cells. Gastrointestinal bleeding with shock and ongoing haematemesis or haematochezia, or a continuing rapid transfusion requirement. Obstetric haemorrhage of around 1…

…The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate…

…remedies and supplements. An assessment of bleeding risk and the risk of falls; anaemia and a known gastrointestinal source are investigated before starting. A referral…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…proportion of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other…

…manifestations of myocardial ischaemia following an acute gastrointestinal bleed or a sustained tachyarrhythmia. Symptoms of acute myocardial ischaemia are required for a formal diagnosis of…

…Suggestion of gastrointestinal hemorrhage Persistent bradycardia (< 40 beats/min) Undiagnosed systolic murmur Carotid sinus massage should be considered in patients with symptoms suggestive of…

…table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above…

…lavage if gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected. If the patient is intubated, administer activated charcoal through a gastric tube at a dose of 0…

…Hypocalcemia Causes of hypocalcemia Acute pancreatitis, pancreas surgery, alkalosis (hyperventilation), rhabdomyolysis, septicemia (sepsis), osteolytic cancer metastases, abnormal calcium absorption (gastrointestinal) and resorption (from primary urine…