…suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding…

…flushing or angio oedema, together with at least one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to…

…RhD negative blood (always RhD negative to women of childbearing age) while awaiting the result. Equipment A large bore peripheral cannula — at least 1.3…

…always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever, abdominal pain, encephalopathy, rising creatinine, gastrointestinal bleeding…

…other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid. Uric acid excretion agents (e.g., probenecid): Salicylates counteract the effect of probenecid…

…surgery, gastrointestinal bleeding, or active peptic ulcer). Patients weighing < 60 kg (maintenance dose of 5 mg recommended instead of 10 mg). Patients receiving medications…

…was accompanied by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The principal harm of aspirin in primary prevention…

…be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome…

…antihistamines, and the gastrointestinal stimulant cisapride [1]. The estimated incidence of DI LQTS and DI TdP is drug dependent, ranging between 1% and 8% for…

…or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus and ongoing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Marked agitation or inability to cooperate. Copious secretions without an effective cough. Choice of method…

…unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding syndrome…

…Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous…

…A vasopressor (noradrenaline) and cautious fluid administration. Large fluid volumes worsen an already strained right ventricle. Clinical probability in the stable patient The Wells criteria…

…remedies and supplements. An assessment of bleeding risk and the risk of falls; anaemia and a known gastrointestinal source are investigated before starting. A referral…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to…

…manifestations of myocardial ischaemia following an acute gastrointestinal bleed or a sustained tachyarrhythmia. Symptoms of acute myocardial ischaemia are required for a formal diagnosis of…

…Suggestion of gastrointestinal hemorrhage Persistent bradycardia (< 40 beats/min) Undiagnosed systolic murmur Carotid sinus massage should be considered in patients with symptoms suggestive of…

…because food intake redistributes blood to the gastrointestinal tract which reduces blood availability in the heart. Symptoms of ischemic heart disease are generally not related…

…lavage if gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected. If the patient is intubated, administer activated charcoal through a gastric tube at a dose of 0…

…Hypocalcemia Causes of hypocalcemia Acute pancreatitis, pancreas surgery, alkalosis (hyperventilation), rhabdomyolysis, septicemia (sepsis), osteolytic cancer metastases, abnormal calcium absorption (gastrointestinal) and resorption (from primary urine…