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Optimization of the ultrasound image

…high frequency waves. The frequency of the ultrasound wave must generally be reduced in order to visualize objects located far away from the transducer. Hence…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…pillow to place under the shoulders as an alternative to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can…

Abscess incision and drainage

…Place a field block around the abscess. 3. Make the incision along the skin tension lines and make it long enough — as a rule of…

Inclisiran and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Agents

…although the clinical importance of improved adherence remains dependent on sustained follow up and administration. Clinical indications and place in therapy Inclisiran has been approved…

Assessment of diastolic function by echocardiography

…The sample volume (SV) should be placed between the leaflet tips (1–3 mm axial length of SV) and sweep speed is set to 50…

Stroke Volume, VTI (Velocity Time Integral) & Cardiac Output

…the spectral curve and indicates how far blood travels during the flow period. VTI can be used for various volume calculations, such as calculation of…

Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment

…virtually all cases. Ventricular tachycardia causes immense strain on the ventricular myocardium, simultaneously as the cause of the arrhythmia already affects cellular function. This results…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…Syncope is particularly important as a marker of potentially severe disease. The presence of haemodynamic instability places the patient in the high risk category and…

Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - Advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS)

…airway) should be established as early as possible. Airway management should not interrupt compressions for more than 5 seconds. The effect of cricoid pressure and…

The Bernoulli principle and estimation of pressure gradients

…the first part of the formula (0.5 • D blood ) can be approximated to 4, meaning that Formula 2 can be rewritten as follows: Formula…

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