…are no obstacle. Untreated hypokalaemia or marked electrolyte disturbance; correct these first before elective cardioversion. AVNRT and AVRT that respond to adenosine — try adenosine first…

…85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 …

…before producing haemodynamic compromise. As intrapericardial pressure rises, the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling…

…myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with at least one value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit;…

…with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally reduced breath…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…or a falling PaO2 Circulation A systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or less, a MAP below 65 mmHg, delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled…

…loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means the haemoglobin can be normal before fluid has redistributed or been given. In massive bleeding…

…99th percentile upper reference limit, it must be stable or falling before a subsequent rise can reliably be attributed to acute procedural injury. Even then…

…<1 ≥1 ≥1 <1 <1 <1 ARdur – Adur (ms) ≥30 ≤0 ≤0 or ≥30 ≥30 ≥30 ≥30 AR speed (cm/s) <35 <35 <35 ≥35…

…commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a…

…impair left ventricular filling and reduce systemic output. In this setting, venous congestion is generally treated initially with diuretics, whereas norepinephrine and/or inotropes are…

…appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather…

…failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood…

…despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy. Tamponade is a clinical diagnosis supported by echocardiography: Finding Comment : : Hypotension, distended neck…

…on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure …

…a 5 year SCD risk percentage , which helps clinicians stratify patients into low, intermediate, or high risk categories. A significant shortcoming of the HCM Risk…

…on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure …

…incorporated into validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV filling and/or…

…and harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore extends beyond reducing myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, or cardiovascular death. Preservation of mobility, cognition, independence, functional…

…Relevant determinants include: Lesion eccentricity Vessel tortuosity Calcification Plaque rupture or asymmetric filling defects Serial lesions Vessel size The relationship of the lesion to side…

…supports the diagnosis Structural or functional cardiac abnormality Evidence such as increased left atrial size, left ventricular hypertrophy or abnormal LV filling supports the diagnosis…

…hypotension, or evidence of low output despite relatively limited elevation of left sided filling pressure. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether the…

…is derived by measuring flow velocities across the mitral valve using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) …

…normally, there is more room for the right ventricle, the filling of which increases and the septum bulges into the left ventricle. During exhalation, the…

…pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus ventricular filling). This may even lead to compression of…

…of spontaneous or provokable elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, defined invasively as a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) ≥15 mmHg at rest or ≥25…

…on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling pressure …

…activation means that the atria activate first, filling the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before the ventricles begin contracting. To coordinate these two tasks…

…contracts and ejects blood into the aorta roughly 100,000 times daily, each time overcoming the aortic resistance, which is typically 110 mmHg or more…

…causes, diagnosis & management This article covers the fundamental principles of atrioventricular (AV) blocks, which are classified into three types: first degree, second degree, and third…

…before one of the bundle branches has repolarized, which leads to a bundle branch block. This type of bundle branch block is termed aberration (or…

…are also referred to as premature ventricular beats , premature ventricular contractions or just ventricular beats/contractions/complexes . These terms will be used interchangeably in this…

…capable of filling rapidly while operating at low end diastolic pressure. EDV (End Diastolic Volume) denotes the volume in the left ventricle, just before contraction…

…hours should have elapsed since the last dose before an invasive procedure. Exact intervals according to the local protocol or the on call coagulation service…

…For example, a patient with acute graft occlusion may report an abrupt reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while…

…produce elevated filling pressures, pulmonary venous hypertension, and pulmonary congestion. Hemodynamic deterioration is more likely with larger infarcts, anterior infarction, advanced age, delayed or unsuccessful…

…is briefly delayed to allow adequate ventricular filling. The impulse then travels through the Bundle of His, which bifurcates into the left bundle branch (LBB…

…are cysts and tumors of the pericardium, as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial…

…pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the underlying etiology…

…critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of…

…allow for adequate filling of the ventricles, which results in reduced stroke volume and reduced cardiac output. Most patients experience presyncope or syncope if the…