…or a falling level of consciousness. Unstable monomorphic VT with a pulse. Pre excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or…

…or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2 h is a…

…impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood, or, less commonly, a mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds…

…not a disease specific marker of myocardial infarction (MI). MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with…

…on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening of dyspnoea, cough and…

…reduced consciousness or marked stillness Respiratory rate Under 25 per minute At least 25 per minute A falling rate, bradypnoea or apnoea Pulse Under 110…

…a high mortality [1,2]. Give antibiotics immediately and aim for administration within one hour in septic shock, or when sepsis is judged certain or…

…drowsiness or syncope oliguria a rising lactate or metabolic acidosis repeated fresh haematemesis haematochezia in combination with circulatory compromise a rapidly falling haemoglobin after fluid…

…is elevated but stable or falling, the postprocedural level must demonstrate both the required absolute threshold and a rise of more than 20% from baseline…

…Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2 1–2 <1 1…

…requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness…

…sleep disturbance or altered mental status rather than prominent breathlessness. Hemodynamic phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish congestion from hypoperfusion. This distinction provides a practical framework…

…at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired…

…failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood…

…needle or the needle from a pericardiocentesis set), 10 mL and 20 mL syringes, a three way tap. A Seldinger set with a guidewire, a…

…Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect…

…the calculator generates a 5 year SCD risk percentage , which helps clinicians stratify patients into low, intermediate, or high risk categories. A significant shortcoming of…

…Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect…

…clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV filling and/or reduced RV output…

…or cardiovascular death. Preservation of mobility, cognition, independence, functional capacity, and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is…

…termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk…

…The clinical population is heterogeneous because the HFmrEF range includes both patients with recovering systolic function and those with deterioration from a previously preserved LVEF…

…The haemodynamic disturbance results from impaired right ventricular contraction and reduced forward flow through the pulmonary circulation. Consequently, left ventricular filling falls and cardiac output…

…using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) . Diastolic function can be estimated from E/A ratio, e'…

…chambers from dilating adequately during diastole. This leads to increased and equivalent diastolic pressure in all rooms. Because pressure is high in the atria, filling…

…pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus ventricular filling). This may even lead to compression of…

…disease frequently coexists as a bystander or secondary contributor [8] . Pathophysiology and mechanisms The pathophysiological paradigm of HFpEF has shifted dramatically from the historical concept…

…Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect…

…has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine, safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers have benefitted immensely from advances…

…Doppler recording of mitral valve flow during diastole. (a) = active atrial filling; (b) = increased atrial pressure due to bulging of mitral valve into…

…which transmit electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. Conduction through the AV node is intentionally slow (due to the low concentration of gap…

…The interval from the premature beat to the next sinus beat will be longer than one normal sinus interval. The P wave of a premature…

…Premature ventricular contractions in bigeminy. Two consecutive premature ventricular contractions are referred to as a pair or couplet. If 3 to 30 premature ventricular contractions…

…to diastolic function. High compliance is desirable and means that the ventricle is capable of filling rapidly while operating at low end diastolic pressure. EDV …

…in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high dose phase…

…refill and venous filling Pulses proximal and distal to the suspected obstruction Arterial and venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic…

…STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic…

…bundle branch block (LBBB) results from anatomical or functional impairment of the left bundle branch (LBB), leading to a blockage of electrical impulse conduction through…

…effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate)…

…bicuspid or unicuspid pulmonary valve Noonan syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular, causing a narrowing of…

…Hypoxia is common in traumatic cardiac arrest and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation or gas exchange can cause hypoxia…

…ventricular tachycardia is always a potentially life threatening arrhythmia that requires immediate attention. The ventricular rate is typically very high (100–250 beats per minute…