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Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside. The check against the patient's…

Inpatient insulin therapy: quick reference

Endokrinologi & metabolism Lathundar An inpatient has a different insulin sensitivity from at home: less food, more stress, often corticosteroids, often impaired renal function. Prescribe basal…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both…

Paracentesis

…Scars, hernia or visible abdominal wall collaterals (caput medusae) Puncture at least a few centimetres away from them Full bladder Have the patient void, or…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…and aspirate. 6. Make the smears immediately at the bedside from the first aspirate, which should be small — a few tenths of a millilitre, at…

Common laboratory tests

…Comment : : : Reticulocytes 20–100 ×10⁹/L Distinguishes a production defect from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…world: What is the best ECG book? This question is far from trivial and the stakes are high; mastering ECG interpretation will frequently be a…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

… or angina occurring after a recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria…

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