…for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation…

…linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS…

…injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly during cardiovascular angiography, computed tomography, or percutaneous coronary intervention…

…duration of exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. Primary prevention Primary prevention targets people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an elevated…

…no reason to refrain from investigating postmenopausal bleeding or a visible cervical lesion. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications, but refrain or adapt in: The…

…fourth Korotkoff sound is used. Office blood pressure: blood pressure measured in a clinical setting, manually or with an automated device. Home blood pressure monitoring…

…in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more than the antidote [1,2]. Telephone your national or regional poison…

…effects Acute ethanol exposure has a negative inotropic effect and promotes peripheral vasodilation through reduced systemic vascular resistance. The resulting mild reduction in blood pressure…

…acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque erosion. Thrombosis associated with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm…

…suspected of toxin exposure. Gastrointestinal lavage is infrequently employed due to aspiration risks and inconclusive evidence. However, in cases of iron, lithium, or potassium intoxication…

…exposure sudden hypotension or severe bronchospasm during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast medium Skin symptoms are absent in approximately 10 to…

…or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in…

…mg once daily. Rationale: Patients in this age group have higher bleeding risk and increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel. Patients weighing <…

…XX and XY individuals and are reflected in cardiovascular structure and function. Sociocultural factors contribute independently to differences in exposure to risk, access to care…

…modest absolute reduction may be clinically important in individuals at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations is associated with…

…P gp or CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers (azole antifungals, HIV protease inhibitors, rifampicin, carbamazepine, St John's wort) alter DOAC exposure substantially. Thrombolysis in stroke…

…the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal correlation between…

…ritonavir, and atazanavir) can lead to a significant increase in exposure to ticagrelor. Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading…

…lifelong exposure to high LDL C is central to the disease burden. In untreated HeFH, CAD commonly develops during the third or fourth decade in…

…important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid patients because these groups have historically been underrepresented. Consequently…

…abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood…

…causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or sudden cardiac death. Spasm may…

…What is myocardial redistribution? In myocardial perfusion imaging, redistribution refers to the movement of a radiotracer within the myocardium over time. Radiotracers without redistribution maintain…

…meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise threshold. Potential…

…in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to…

…suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins after one to three days but can start earlier in patients with…

…health care exposure and the risk of resistant organisms 0 to 60 min Empirical intravenous antibiotics in septic shock or in certain or highly likely…

…is particularly relevant when the decision to initiate or intensify preventive therapy is uncertain. Prevention guidelines support its use in selected individuals at intermediate risk…

…to several clinical presentations. Stable chest pain CCTA is recommended as an initial test for diagnosing CAD in stable patients with: Low clinical likelihood or…

…intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Pregnancy Hypertensive emergencies in pre

…related structural changes in the coronary media. The early postpartum period, when marked hormonal changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress…

…This discrepancy reflects, at least in part, the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single…

…weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to be immune mediated. Pericardial injury, necrosis, bleeding, or pleural incision may expose cardiac antigens and initiate an inflammatory response…

…minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance on the same side. A paretic…