…for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…because inconsistent or incorrect measurement may lead to misclassification. Blood pressure should be measured with a validated and calibrated device using a consistent method for…

…of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG all come before complete identification of the substance. Treatment of…

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

…moderately stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption…

…Irrigate skin and eyes using saline solution (NaCl) if suspected of toxin exposure. Gastrointestinal lavage is infrequently employed due to aspiration risks and inconclusive evidence…

…exposure sudden hypotension or severe bronchospasm during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast medium Skin symptoms are absent in approximately 10 to…

…capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust…

…mg once daily. Rationale: Patients in this age group have higher bleeding risk and increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel. Patients weighing <…

…factors, and whether they improve risk classification, remains incompletely established. Data concerning premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions…

…at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations is associated with lower ASCVD risk. Atherogenic particle burden is not completely…

… see the acute stroke quick reference. Stopping the drug and forgetting to restart it after the procedure. Document the restart date in the medical record…

…class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and North American (AHA, ACC) guidelines. As in all clinical emergencies, the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure (ABCDE)…

…ritonavir, and atazanavir) can lead to a significant increase in exposure to ticagrelor. Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading…

…proteins in the hepatic LDL receptor pathway. Reduced cellular uptake and clearance of LDL leads to increased circulating LDL C. The principal genetic mechanisms involve:…

…exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and…

…sensations may occur. Pain usually involves the central chest or epigastrium, may radiate to the arms, and less often to the abdomen, back, lower jaw…

…to myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or sudden cardiac death. Spasm may involve the epicardial coronary arteries, the coronary microvasculature, or both. Epicardial and…

…photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal resolution. PET offers higher spatiotemporal quality…

…characterized systematically, including: Onset and duration. Location and radiation. Quality and intensity. Precipitating factors, including exertion, emotional stress, meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors…

…or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles…

…zero, and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a clear reduction or the last intake Common clinical picture : : 4 to 12 hours Tremor…

…is high 0 to 30 min Clinical assessment of the focus; check previous culture results, antibiotics, allergies, renal function, health care exposure and the risk…

…liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to age and sex. A…

…coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or the ECG is normal or inconclusive…

…sufficient Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually…

…changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective…

…the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS…

…weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to be immune mediated. Pericardial injury, necrosis, bleeding, or pleural incision may expose cardiac antigens and initiate an inflammatory response…

…if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative…