…usually 500 mL as a rapid bolus, and a smaller bolus where the risk of fluid overload is high 0 to 30 min Clinical assessment…

…is therefore directed at identifying individuals at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure…

…images from x ray attenuation measurements obtained at multiple angles. Tissue attenuation is expressed relative to water in Hounsfield units. Bone is highly attenuating, air…

…3] . Plaque Erosion: Responsible for up to 30% of ACS cases, plaque erosion is increasingly recognized in the modern era of high intensity statin therapy…

…from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to toxic injury because of its high…

…no reason to refrain from investigating postmenopausal bleeding or a visible cervical lesion. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications, but refrain or adapt in: The…

…In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously…

…performed. CPR Initiate CPR in adherence to standard guidelines. However, refrain from rescue breaths to mitigate the risk of potential contaminants endangering the rescuer. Contact…

…by an increase in stroke volume. Symptomatic bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms, ranging from chronic fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac…

…ritonavir, and atazanavir) can lead to a significant increase in exposure to ticagrelor. Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading…

…modest absolute reduction may be clinically important in individuals at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations is associated with…

…Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high dose…

…blood pressure, peripheral perfusion, two intravenous cannulae and continuous ECG monitoring. Fluid where hypovolaemia is likely, but avoid repeated blind boluses in cardiogenic toxic shock…

…higher in populations with a founder effect. HoFH is much rarer, affecting approximately 1 in 250,000–350,000 individuals. The lifelong exposure to high…

…smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary…

…closely correlate with actual blood flow. An ideal tracer exhibits high extraction from blood to tissue and high retention, with a linear relationship between myocardial…

…after one to three days but can start earlier in patients with previous complicated withdrawal [4]. Untreated delirium tremens has historically carried a high mortality…

…Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to age and sex. A score that is high fo

…1. Expose the whole shoulder; rolling up a sleeve creates a constriction that distorts the anatomy and tempts the operator to inject too high. 2…

…It corresponds to disappearance of Korotkoff sounds; if sounds persist, the fourth Korotkoff sound is used. Office blood pressure: blood pressure measured in a clinical…

…Acute ethanol exposure has a negative inotropic effect and promotes peripheral vasodilation through reduced systemic vascular resistance. The resulting mild reduction in blood pressure is…

…exposure sudden hypotension or severe bronchospasm during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast medium Skin symptoms are absent in approximately 10 to…

…symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow…

…mg once daily. Rationale: Patients in this age group have higher bleeding risk and increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel. Patients weighing <…

…to delayed assessment and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from…

…products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately from nicotine. Smoking…

…results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to…

…spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia…

…emotional stress, meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise…

…in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to…

…dissection is a hypertensive emergency requiring the most rapid BP response. The objective is to reduce aortic wall shear stress and rapidly lower systolic pressure…

…differs pathogenetically from atherosclerotic type 1 MI. It is an infrequent cause of ACS overall but represents a substantial proportion of ACS presentations in young…

…dose required to achieve the patient’s LDL C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some form of…

…AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis , which develops from several hours to approximately 4 days after infarction and is usually transient. Late post acute myocardial infarction…