…coach actively, and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or…

…aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection , which involves the arch without involvement of the…

…full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include…

…may result in abnormal depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. This is presumably due to a mismatch between the expansion of contractile cells as compared with…

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

…suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants. Beta blockers have been used for symptomatic patients, but effective doses may produce…

…and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first days after ST…

…Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader…

…obstructed. Exclusion of coronary dissection compromising the true lumen. Assessment for thrombus, distal embolization, abrupt closure, or perforation. Evaluation of distal flow and myocardial perfusion…

…phase 3 study (TRITON), key exclusion criteria included increased bleeding risk, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a history of pathological intracranial findings. Patients with ACS undergoing PCI…

…especially affected. The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications…

…Contraindications Atrial fibrillation or flutter of unknown or excessive duration without adequate anticoagulation or exclusion of thrombus — the most important relative contraindication to elective cardioversion…

…symptom of both IMH and PAU. PAU pain may resemble the abrupt pain of classic aortic dissection. Symptom onset in PAU may indicate lesion expansion…

…stent expansion, apposition, edge dissections, and endothelial coverage. Complementary Characteristics IVUS and OCT are complementary rather than interchangeable. IVUS generally provides better visualization of overall…

…rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of ISR is neointimal hyperplasia following vessel wall injury. PCI and stent implantation produce…

…because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or persistent disease at the inflow or outflow edges. The contemporary incidence of stent…

…on non invasive testing. Symptoms that are strongly suggestive of obstructive CAD. Uncertain or inconclusive non invasive test results, when confirmation or exclusion of ob