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Spirometry

…coach actively, and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection , which involves the arch without involvement of the…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include…

Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG

…may result in abnormal depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. This is presumably due to a mismatch between the expansion of contractile cells as compared with…

🟠 CHADS-VA Bleeding Risk Score

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

Ivabradine: Indications, Dosing and Heart-Rate Targets

…suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants. Beta blockers have been used for symptomatic patients, but effective doses may produce…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first days after ST…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…Vascular dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…obstructed. Exclusion of coronary dissection compromising the true lumen. Assessment for thrombus, distal embolization, abrupt closure, or perforation. Evaluation of distal flow and myocardial perfusion…

🟠 Prasugrel (Effient, Efient, Prasita)

…phase 3 study (TRITON), key exclusion criteria included increased bleeding risk, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a history of pathological intracranial findings. Patients with ACS undergoing PCI…

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