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Risk Factor Modification: The Evidence Base for Primary Prevention

…obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family history, ethnicity, and frailty. Primary prevention is complemented by population level interventions. Population strategies aim…

Wound suturing

Procedurer The result of a repair is determined before the first needle goes in. A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk factors and closer surveillance; it does not, by itself…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…cardiologist, mastering the nuances of anticoagulation requires an intimate understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which is classically framed by Virchow’s triad: blood stasis, endothelial…

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…Paper speed 25 mm/s. Calculate the heart rate by dividing 300 by the number of large boxes between R waves. There are approximately 3…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…not their actual trigger. The fact that continuous dizziness becomes worse when the patient moves the head is therefore not evidence of BPPV. Step 2:…

Cardiac arrest in intoxication (poisoning)

…intubation, and prolonged ICU admissions. Pending the correct level of care, the following actions can be performed. CPR Initiate CPR in adherence to standard guidelines…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…the vast majority of these arrests are caused by ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation), whose occurrence is highly stochastic. This is evident from the…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with…

ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pathological Q waves are evidence of myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction – particularly if extensive in size – typically manifests with pathological Q…

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