…higher target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial…

…with gastrointestinal and urogenital tumours Marked renal failure Low molecular weight heparin with dose adjustment, or warfarin Subsegmental pulmonary embolism without deep vein thrombosis An…

…venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage. Sensory loss extending beyond the toes and…

…thrombosis is approximately 1% during the first year after stenting, although the risk is higher after treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and…

…red thrombus. The size and persistence of the thrombus depend not only on plaque composition but also on circulating thrombotic and fibrinolytic factors. Plaque erosion…

…failure Acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing…

…disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably. Thrombotic material may embolize distally and…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…in pulmonary embolism is up to 20%, and roughly 30% of patients with pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis experience a second thrombotic event within…

…smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without intramural haematoma. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection…

…include: Plaque rupture or plaque erosion with thrombosis, despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular…

…stenosis – due to risk of syncope, ischemia, and arrhythmias Endocarditis – due to risk of embolization Deep venous thrombosis – due to risk of embolization Relative contraindications…

…but also by the vulnerability of the myocardium and coronary microcirculation. Endothelial dysfunction promotes leukocyte and platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular…

…Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia. Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Decompensated heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection…

…supply and demand. The universal classification distinguishes infarction according to its mechanism: Type 1 myocardial infarction: acute atherosclerotic plaque disruption or erosion with coronary thrombosis…

…evidence of peripheral embolism, or an unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in…

…into the ventricular cavity, sometimes with independently mobile components. Although a mural thrombus is attached to infarcted myocardium, superficial components may detach and embolize systemically…

…embolization of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged by: Balloon inflation Atherectomy Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury…

…Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal aorta can cause…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism…

…natriuretic peptides promote vasodilation, renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

…cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of the pericardium by an…

…ventricular activity. Fortunately, the treatment of atrial fibrillation has come a long way. Treatment with anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and…

…and arrhythmology ECG Sinus tachycardia: causes, ECG, normal variants & pathological variants Sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia). Sinus tachycardia is the result of…

…develop during acute management. AF is often haemodynamically tolerated and may require no specific acute therapy beyond appropriate anticoagulation and management of ventricular rate. However…

…Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke history, Bleeding history, Labile INRs, Elderly age ( 65), and Drugs/alcohol. A crucial clinical pitfall is the misapplication of this…

…and subsequent investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and…

…due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in the pericardial space. Note that tachycardia, pulmonary embolism and ischemia may also cause electrical…

…ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the…

…g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably…

…Condition Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction or unstable angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye…

…hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm…

…severe pulmonary stenosis, alongside right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and right atrial enlargement [8]. RAD is present in most cases of significant RVH, although it is…

…the diameter of the vena cava inferior and whether the diameter varies during the respiratory cycle. Thus, the pressure in the inferior vena cava is…

…right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism)…

…ventricular fibrillation), whose occurrence is highly stochastic. This is evident from the fact that the vast majority of all myocardial infarctions and episodes of myocardial…

…present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate…

…right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism)…

…the atrial septum). In 15 20% of cases, the tumor is localized in the right atrium. Myxoma is rare in the valves and ventricles. Myxoma…