…joints (wrist, finger joints). A 20–50 mL syringe for a knee with a large effusion, 5–10 mL for smaller joints. Local anaesthesia of…

…occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume…

…40 ms Left atrial enlargement Low voltage QRS < 5 mm in the limb leads or < 10 mm in the chest leads Pericardial effusion…

…A IMH: involves the ascending aorta. Type B IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal…

…the only absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy…

…effusion may cause: Diminished heart sounds Disappearance of the friction rub Loss of the apical impulse Electrical alternans on the ECG Compression of the left…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

Echocardiography Pericardial diseases: effusion and tamponade A long series of conditions can affect the pericardium (pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis…

ECG Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Eletrical alternans: an ECG sign of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade The pericardial space (cavity) always contains a small amount…

… ultrasound guidance is mandatory) Relative A very small or loculated effusion — consider image guided puncture in the radiology department The thresholds for the INR and…