Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health…

…instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest…

…afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder, elbow…

…s outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may cause coma…

…Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey =…

…Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1. Drug manual for inotropes and vasopressors Drug Indications Dose α1 effect β1 effect β2 effect…

…worldwide. The individual and public health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If the rhythm becomes completely regular when holding the…

…that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…TdP is well defined for many of these agents, many are classified as QT prolonging solely based on their drug class or presumed pharmacodynamic effects…

…that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…Hemodynamic effects of constrictive pericarditis Diastolic heart failure and right heart failure The rigid pericardium prevents all four heart chambers from dilating adequately during diastole…

…effect. AV system (AV node, His bundle, Purkinje system) Preexisting AV block, bundle branch block or fascicular block may become worse. Particularly, the degree of…

…volume by increasing its contractility. The Frank Starling mechanism is amplified by the positive inotropic effects of the sympathetic stimulation. Increased stroke volume and increased…

Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

…Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is…

…min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea…

…management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT…

…of hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Med 2013; 30:3842. Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of…

…the term perimyocarditis . Hemodynamic effects of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Intrapericardial pressure increases as fluid accumulates in the pericardial space. Intrapericardial pressure may reach…

…node dysfunction implies that the cells of the sinoatrial node are defective and fail to generate electrical impulses. Side effects of drugs (notably beta blockers…

…variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is…

…the high risk of reflex sympathetic stimulation. Drug Hydralazine Brand names Apresoline ®, Bidil ® Mechanism of action • Induces arteriolar vasodilation. No effect on venous…

…myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

…that functions as an agonist of both beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors, with variable effects on alpha receptors. Stimulation of beta receptors increases inotropy and…

…angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. By abrogating the effects of angiotensin II…

…of hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Med 2013;30:3842. Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of…

…the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), such as decreases in blood pressure and mild azotemia. However, two distinct side effects—nonproductive cough…

…acute heart failure. • Used cautiously in patients with asthma (due to risk of bronchospasm). • Used cautiously in bradycardia due to negative chronotropic effect. Metoprolol doses…

…conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from young adulthood, resulting in a greater lifetime burden of hypertension…

…related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary…

…of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric acid may promote hypertension through effects on the endothelium. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of…

…a nonselective beta adrenoceptor blocker devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity that also prolongs cardiac repolarization, thereby exerting combined class II and class III antiarrhythmic effects…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal…

…Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani et al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database of Obesity Trials…

…with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on erythropoietin activity and erythropoiesis SGLT2 inhibition may also activate adenosine 5′ monophosphate…

…etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact on the coronary arteries. The…

…the effect on impulse conduction because digoxin slows impulse conduction. It is important to note that the association between ECG changes and the risk of…

…lifetime risk of developing venous thromboembolism is 8% for individuals 45 years of age ( Raskob et al, Heit et al ). Cardiopulmonary effects of pulmonary embolism…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive…

…negative chronotropic effect. • In patients with pheochromocytoma, cocaine or methamphetamine overdose, prior treatment with alpha blockade is necessary before administering labetalol (risk of elevating blood…

…causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload. Nicardipine has antianginal and antihypertensive effects…

…50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute infarction—patients may develop hypotension and signs of end organ hypoperfusion…

…neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic…

…the magnitude of additional LDL C lowering needed and the patient’s prior treatment. Inclisiran is particularly attractive when a durable treatment effect and infrequent…

…Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict…

…establish: Current smoking status. Cigarettes smoked per day. Duration of smoking and cumulative exposure. Previous quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated…

…single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS effect from a nocebo response. Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and…

…of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect…

…AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This inhibition decreases the accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which…

…of hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Med 2013;30:3842. Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of…