Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health…

…instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest…

…afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder, elbow…

…s outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may cause coma…

…Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey =…

…Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1. Drug manual for inotropes and vasopressors Drug Indications Dose α1 effect β1 effect β2 effect…

…intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If the rhythm becomes completely regular when holding the…

…that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…TdP is well defined for many of these agents, many are classified as QT prolonging solely based on their drug class or presumed pharmacodynamic effects…

…that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al ). Table 1. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…Hemodynamic effects of constrictive pericarditis Diastolic heart failure and right heart failure The rigid pericardium prevents all four heart chambers from dilating adequately during diastole…

…effect. AV system (AV node, His bundle, Purkinje system) Preexisting AV block, bundle branch block or fascicular block may become worse. Particularly, the degree of…

…volume by increasing its contractility. The Frank Starling mechanism is amplified by the positive inotropic effects of the sympathetic stimulation. Increased stroke volume and increased…

Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

…Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is…

…min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea…

…management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…3 mg/kg Body weight 50 kg: Adult dosage. Adverse effects Adverse effects typically persist <10 seconds due to the short half life of adenosine…

…of hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Med 2013; 30:3842. Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of…

…the term perimyocarditis . Hemodynamic effects of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Intrapericardial pressure increases as fluid accumulates in the pericardial space. Intrapericardial pressure may reach…

…node dysfunction implies that the cells of the sinoatrial node are defective and fail to generate electrical impulses. Side effects of drugs (notably beta blockers…

…variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is…

…the high risk of reflex sympathetic stimulation. Drug Hydralazine Brand names Apresoline ®, Bidil ® Mechanism of action • Induces arteriolar vasodilation. No effect on venous…

…myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower…

…death and atrial fibrillation. Dietary quality also affects energy balance. Highly processed foods may promote greater ad libitum intake through effects on hunger, reward, craving…

…fibrillation remains uncertain, although it may have a rate reducing effect in selected circumstances. Ivabradine undergoes extensive first pass hepatic metabolism through CYP3A4. Dose adjustment…

…effects on alpha receptors. Stimulation of beta receptors increases inotropy and chronotropy by elevating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium, as well as through…

…angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. By abrogating the effects of angiotensin II…

…asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute airway obstructions…

…the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), such as decreases in blood pressure and mild azotemia. However, two distinct side effects—nonproductive cough…

…acute heart failure. • Used cautiously in patients with asthma (due to risk of bronchospasm). • Used cautiously in bradycardia due to negative chronotropic effect. Metoprolol doses…

…conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from young adulthood, resulting in a greater lifetime burden of hypertension…

…related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary…

…of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric acid may promote hypertension through effects on the endothelium. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of…

…a nonselective beta adrenoceptor blocker devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity that also prolongs cardiac repolarization, thereby exerting combined class II and class III antiarrhythmic effects…

…and increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia are propelling the heart failure pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is…

…and increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia are propelling the heart failure pandemic. Indeed, a growing body of evidence suggests that heart failure is…

…lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal…

…is largely independent of baseline HbA1c or the magnitude of HbA1c reduction. 7 Instead, these agents exert multifaceted effects through direct activation of receptors in…

…fibrosis Reduction in body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on erythropoietin activity…

…etc. Cardiac tumors cause nonspecific symptoms that depend on the size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact on the coronary arteries. The…

…the effect on impulse conduction because digoxin slows impulse conduction. It is important to note that the association between ECG changes and the risk of…

…thrombus is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the main pulmonary artery. Depending on the size and form of the thrombus…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive…

…negative chronotropic effect. • In patients with pheochromocytoma, cocaine or methamphetamine overdose, prior treatment with alpha blockade is necessary before administering labetalol (risk of elevating blood…

…causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload. Nicardipine has antianginal and antihypertensive effects…

…50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute infarction—patients may develop hypotension and signs of end organ hypoperfusion…

…atherothrombosis through activation of innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic…

…the magnitude of additional LDL C lowering needed and the patient’s prior treatment. Inclisiran is particularly attractive when a durable treatment effect and infrequent…

…Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict…

…establish: Current smoking status. Cigarettes smoked per day. Duration of smoking and cumulative exposure. Previous quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated…

…single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS effect from a nocebo response. Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and…

…of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect…

…nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells. Through the guanine nucleotide…

…SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in Table 1 below. Severity…