…Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals…

…ventilation–perfusion matching, increased physiological dead space and the Haldane effect. It is therefore misleading to explain the whole phenomenon as abolition of the patie

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health…

…in bradycardia (Figure 1). Cardiac output and blood pressure, rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non…

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

…s outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may cause coma…

…Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey =…

…peripheral use +++++ +++ ++ 0 Potent vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect…

…in blood pressure of 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic leads to a doubling of the risk of stroke and acute myocardial…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If the rhythm becomes completely regular when holding the…

…or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple…

…on their drug class or presumed pharmacodynamic effects. We provide a direct PubMed search for each drug and we recommend the reader to use this…

…or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple…

…Hemodynamic effects of constrictive pericarditis Diastolic heart failure and right heart failure The rigid pericardium prevents all four heart chambers from dilating adequately during diastole…

…pronounced symptoms and other therapies have failed. Patients with structural heart disease or reduced left ventricular function are not eligible. Effects of propafenone and flecainide…

…pressure/volume by increasing its contractility. The Frank Starling mechanism is amplified by the positive inotropic effects of the sympathetic stimulation. Increased stroke volume and…

…and preferably confirmation by home measurement or 24 hour recording — the thresholds for which are lower than for office measurement. Classification of office blood pressure…

…for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing…

…perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism of action • Relatively cardioselective (beta 1 receptor blocker) beta blocker with ultra short acting effect…

…blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time to onset of…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…This side effect lasts a few seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in…

…Hemodynamic effects of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Intrapericardial pressure increases as fluid accumulates in the pericardial space. Intrapericardial pressure may reach the point where…

…dysfunction, side effects of medications and acute myocardial infarction. Holter ECG is useful to determine the frequency, severity and situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If…

…lowers blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma…

…pressure. Maximum infusion rate 25 mg/hour. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Angina pectoris. Caution Heart failure. Angina pectoris (ischemic heart disease). Hydralazine doses and…

…distribution throughout water containing tissues, including the myocardium. Its effects therefore depend not only on dose but also on exposure pattern, duration, sex and genetic…

…Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may influence blood pressure…

…inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺ current activated by hyperpolarisation and…

…and dyspnea at rest that persists despite administration of diuretics and vasodilators. Clinically, these patients exhibit hypotension—often with a systolic blood pressure less than…

…of kidney function in a manner that extends beyond the reduction of systemic arterial pressure. This renoprotective effect involves a reduction in intraglomerular hyperfiltration and…

…reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries…

…effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), such as decreases in blood pressure and…

…oxygen consumption and myocardial contractility. Less pronounced blood pressure lowering effect than esmolol and labetalol. Time to onset of action 20 minutes Duration of action…

…contributing to delayed assessment and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women…

…and favourably modifies inflammatory and collagen related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the…

…dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are…

…all of the beta blocking activity. Sotalol does not block alpha adrenoceptors and lacks sodium channel blocking activity, meaning it exerts no membrane stabilizing effects…

…the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et al ). This is a paradoxical and worrisome…

…the incidence of heart failure among young adults has increased in recent years ( Nabel et al, Savarese et al ). This is a paradoxical and worrisome…

…2 adrenoceptors in the ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral areas of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect…

…CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani et al). Recommended…

…atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not…

…size of the tumor, localization, hemodynamic effects and possible impact on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be…

…the effect on impulse conduction because digoxin slows impulse conduction. It is important to note that the association between ECG changes and the risk of…

…reduced intraventricular pressure and thereby reduced myoardial load. Pulmonary embolism causes increased right ventricular load, which results in increased oxygen demand and dilatation of the…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in…

…to onset of action: 5 minutes. Effects Lowers blood pressure, reduces heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial contractility. Time to onset of action 5…

…causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases total peripheral resistance, decreases systemic blood pressure, and decreases afterload. Nicardipine has antianginal and antihypertensive effects…

…and hyperkalemia. For recurrent symptomatic bradycardia, temporary or permanent pacing may be required. However, transcutaneous pacing in the setting of cardiac arrest has not demonstrated…

…the lipid lowering action of statins. Nevertheless, statins and some cardiometabolic therapies may also have anti inflammatory or pleiotropic effects, and colchicine has been studied…

…The presence of ASCVD, peripheral arterial disease or aortic disease. Secondary causes, particularly diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications…

…This mechanism differs from that of the monoclonal antibodies alirocumab and evolocumab, which bind circulating PCSK9. The prolonged intracellular effect of inclisiran permits subcutaneous administration…

…and duration. Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects…

…five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit is greater still when reductions in non cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are…

…whereas approximately 10% of patients in registries and routine clinical practice report muscle symptoms. This discrepancy reflects, at least in part, the nocebo effect : negative…

…of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect…

…the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This inhibition decreases the accumulation of cyclic…