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The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…isoelectric; this occurs if there are electrical potential differences in the myocardium by the end of the QRS complex (it typically causes J point depression)…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…It should be noted that imaging of the right ventricle requires an experienced echocardiographer. Three dimensional (3D) echocardiography should be considered in laboratories with expertise…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…of the muscle belly, within the inverted triangle formed between the acromion and the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3. Stretch the skin with…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…the opening of the mitral valve and the left atrium. Recall that velocities (flows) directed away from the transducer are displayed below the baseline and…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…III would have been displayed next to each other, the T wave inversion in lead III would not be consistent with the upright T waves…

Oesophageal ECG

…The oesophageal signal is thereby displayed in the V5 channel on the printout. 3. Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz…

Aortic stenosis

…according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis…

Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography

…decreases with increasing distance from the transducer; this affects the lateral resolution as explained in Figure 3. Figure 3. Axial and lateral resolution of the…

Nasogastric tube

…confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with…

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