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Oesophageal ECG

…The oesophageal signal is thereby displayed in the V5 channel on the printout. 3. Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…misplaced stimulation artifacts, irregular pacing, etc. Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the…

Nasogastric tube

…stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull fracture: periorbital bruising…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…Right ventricular infarction. Ebstein's anomaly (Figure 1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…20 th week of pregnancy, or when the fundal height surpasses the umbilicus, the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…velocities towards the transducer are displayed above the baseline. This image shows a fast and distinct flow (almost 5 m/s) directed away from the…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…from right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of…

Aortic stenosis

…according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis…

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