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Oesophageal ECG

…The oesophageal signal is thereby displayed in the V5 channel on the printout. 3. Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…misplaced stimulation artifacts, irregular pacing, etc. Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the…

Nasogastric tube

…confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…It should be noted that imaging of the right ventricle requires an experienced echocardiographer. Three dimensional (3D) echocardiography should be considered in laboratories with expertise…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…the opening of the mitral valve and the left atrium. Recall that velocities (flows) directed away from the transducer are displayed below the baseline and…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…III would have been displayed next to each other, the T wave inversion in lead III would not be consistent with the upright T waves…

Aortic stenosis

…according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis…

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