…stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull fracture: periorbital bruising…

…surgery of the nose, pharynx or oesophagus. Marked nausea, anxiety or communication difficulties that prevent the patient from cooperating. Suspected base of skull fracture or…

…misplaced stimulation artifacts, irregular pacing, etc. Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the…

…may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST…

…Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload is the most common cause. Ebstein's anomaly The prevalence of Ebstein's…

… gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried…

…the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a…

…the left ventricle, the opening of the mitral valve and the left atrium. Recall that velocities (flows) directed away from the transducer are displayed below…

…anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of three: leads…

…the early stages of aortic stenosis, stroke volume becomes smaller. Reduced stroke volumes and increased resistance in the valve result in compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy…