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The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload. Right ventricular infarction. Ebstein's anomaly (Figure 1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…the fundal height surpasses the umbilicus, the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…velocities towards the transducer are displayed above the baseline. This image shows a fast and distinct flow (almost 5 m/s) directed away from the…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…You have probably noticed that the chest leads (V1 through V6) are displayed on the ECG paper in their anatomically contiguous order from right anterior …

Oesophageal ECG

…difficulties that prevent the patient from cooperating. Suspected base of skull fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then…

Aortic stenosis

…type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis. Adapted from…

Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography

…is described by the technical term frame rate , which is the number of images ( frames ) displayed per second. High frame rate (i.e many frames…

Nasogastric tube

…the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with an impaired cough reflex, and the first…

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