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The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…The most common causes of tricuspid regurgitation are as follows: Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload. Right ventricular infarction. Ebstein's anomaly (Figure…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…velocities towards the transducer are displayed above the baseline. This image shows a fast and distinct flow (almost 5 m/s) directed away from the…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…are displayed in two groups of three: leads I, II and III and leads aVR, aVL and aVF. Figure 1 shows the traditional presentation of…

Oesophageal ECG

…The oesophageal signal is thereby displayed in the V5 channel on the printout. 3. Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz…

Aortic stenosis

…according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis…

Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography

…resolution movie. The rate of update is described by the technical term frame rate , which is the number of images ( frames ) displayed per second. High…

Nasogastric tube

…stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull fracture: periorbital bruising…

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