…the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and…

…10 days Clostridioides difficile, high risk of recurrence fidaxomicin 200 mg × 2 PO 10 days In appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis and pancreatitis, antibiotics are given only…

…and the test is performed later. Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to tetracosactide or ACTH. Marked atopic disease, particularly severe asthma and a history of anaphylaxis — a…

…prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have…

…background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately…

…Endocrinology & metabolism Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering…

…and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin…

…after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term…

… strongly consider oral anticoagulant."; } return interpretation; } Interpretation of CHADS VASc score and decisions on anticoagulation Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment…

…presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review the medication list (metformin, NSAIDs, RAAS blockade, gabapentin, direct oral anticoagulants) and…

…in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging 60 L/kg, and the drug is…

…the treatment of atrial fibrillation has come a long way. Treatment with anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants…

…established. Limited data are available for children with sickle cell anemia. Method of Administration Route : Oral. Prasugrel can be taken with or without food. Administering…

…in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes…

…infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or…

…and drugs directed against vascular endothelial growth factor. Episodes of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest phaeochromocytoma. Systemic sclerosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disease…

…is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection…

…12 months of DAPT unless there is a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration and intensity may…

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

…Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been elucidated in recent studies from China and Italy (1–5…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development…

…must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children. Physiological and anatomical development…

…disease, or stable angina pectoris): 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and…

…risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions, including gout, vasculitis, systemic sclerosis, myositis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, SLE and APS…

…5% of all hangings exhibit VF on the initial ECG recording ( Kitamura et al, Deasy et al ). A complete airway obstruction results in PEA and…

…mechanism of death for most diseases and conditions, including non cardiovascular conditions. A cardiac arrest can be expected or unexpected. The most common cause of…

…dominant inheritance is predominant in many cardiomyopathies and channelopathies. Nevertheless, apparently sporadic disease may result from: Incomplete penetrance of a variant inherited from a parent…

…with total and cardiovascular mortality ( Curtis et al ). Among patients with coronary heart disease, left ventricular function is actually a stronger predictor of death than…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the…

…not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to…

…tachycardia secondary to disease and medications : A wide range of diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…LVEDP and LAP, which in turn results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease…

…systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is also a marker of systemic cardiovascular…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers visual and…

…function declines and as albuminuria increases. When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…not specific to left main disease. The examination should nevertheless assess the consequences of extensive myocardial ischaemia, including heart failure, haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance…

…disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…significant coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium…

…present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate…

…rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock and…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…most persuasive when the initial probability is high enough that the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment…

…testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition…

…1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary artery disease and classification of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG criteria…

…intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth…

…lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease, cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell carcinoma and squamous…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…of significant LMCA disease, including acute occlusions, subtotal stenoses, and discusses associated clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies. In the GRACE ECG substudy of…

…of 1 year survival rate was 7.7% (95% CI 5.8–9.5%). Survival in IHCA Survival in IHCA was 25% in 2006 and…

…large outcome trials have clarified, and in some cases substantially narrowed, the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence…