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Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis with alpha streptococcus is most often subacute and…

Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…10 days Clostridioides difficile, high risk of recurrence fidaxomicin 200 mg × 2 PO 10 days In appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis and pancreatitis, antibiotics are given only…

Short Synacthen test

…and the test is performed later. Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to tetracosactide or ACTH. Marked atopic disease, particularly severe asthma and a history of anaphylaxis — a…

Warfarin therapy

…prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…background therapies 17%–25% In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately…

SGLT2 Inhibitors for Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

…Endocrinology & metabolism Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering…

ACE Inhibitors: Initiation, Titration and Creatinine Monitoring

…and chronic kidney disease (CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin…

Antiplatelet Therapy in Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction

…after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term…

🟠 Calculate CHADS-VASc Score and evaluate indication for anticoagulation

… strongly consider oral anticoagulant."; } return interpretation; } Interpretation of CHADS VASc score and decisions on anticoagulation Men Women Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment…

Renal parameters

…presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review the medication list (metformin, NSAIDs, RAAS blockade, gabapentin, direct oral anticoagulants) and…

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