…serves as a barrier to infections. The pericardium reduces friction between the ventricles and surrounding structures of the mediastinum. Friction is reduced because the fluid…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been elucidated in recent studies from China and Italy (1–5…

…pediatric and neonatal care must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children…

…pediatric and neonatal care must have knowledge of age related variations in the ECG, as well as cardiac diseases that may affect infants and children…

…artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not…

…Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain…

…sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be…

…expected consequence of a disease course (e.g. terminal cancer, terminal heart failure, etc ), CPR should not be started. Moreover, CPR should not be started…

…of disease may differ substantially among carriers. Consequently, a normal examination or cardiac investigation at one point in time does not reliably exclude future disease…

…structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters…

…management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. The biological differences between females and males arise partly from the chromosomal distinction between XX and XY…

…classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF…

…common tachyarrhythmia, it may not always be straightforward to diagnose on the ECG. Moreover, many clinicians remain uncertain about the implications of sinus tachycardia. A…

…infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability, with resistance problems, or with suspected fungal infection 10 Document the times of triag

…Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation (aneurysm) Hypertension Aortic dissection, proximal Marfan syndrome…

…Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure While systolic blood pressure (SBP) indicates the maximum pressure during heart contraction, it does not provide a…

…artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified…

…artery disease (CHD) are synonyms. These terms refer to symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. Traditional classification of coronary artery disease Traditionally, coronary artery disease has been classified…

…has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms of carotid disease include…

…arrest caused by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the…

…evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis unless the stenosis is severely critical, potentially causing angina during rest. Patients experiencing angina at rest are not suitable…

…during effective decongestion and overall clinical improvement does not necessarily indicate an adverse outcome. Classification of CKD CKD severity is classified by eGFR and albuminuria…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main disease. The examination should nevertheless assess the consequences of extensive myocardial ischaemia, including heart…

…disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of…

…on lesion location, severity, length, the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation. Flow limitation may be clinically silent, manifest as exertional symptoms, or progress…

…significant coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium…

…of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease…

…central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery walls; indeed, atherosclerosis is a disease in which the…

…the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment. Testing is therefore not an automatic response to chest pain…

…and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to…

…Figure 1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary artery disease and classification of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG…

…discomfort) Chest pain during exercise is one of the strongest predictors of coronary artery disease. The severity of the pain may be graded from 0…

…of permanent hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not…

…associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have…

…of significant LMCA disease, including acute occlusions, subtotal stenoses, and discusses associated clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies. In the GRACE ECG substudy of…

…explain the marked differences in characteristics and outcomes across the data sources for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA…

…mean transit time — isolates microvascular resistance. Only indices that detect microvascular disease as an independent cause of ischemia, including with non obstructive epicardial arteries (ANOCA…

…stable or chronic atherosclerotic coronary disease, many of whom have a previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of low dose colchicine as…

…atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably…

…the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms producing acute coronary syndromes are: Plaque rupture with exposure of thrombogenic material…

…symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not immediately required…

…the first choice of drug. • Effective in sinus bradycardia or AV node block. • Dose <0.5 mg may worsen bradycardia and should not be given…

…MI using a biochemical and clinical approach. This culminated in the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Consensus Documents, with the Fourth Universal Definition published in…

…a bypass beyond diseased segments. The latter may also protect against future proximal disease progression, while stents do not prevent the development of new proximal…

…Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism. This figure does not include paradoxical embolism (discussed below) and emboli from the proximal…

…QRS duration ≥0,12 seconds) indicates the ventricles are not depolarized normally. The vast majority of WCTs originate from impulses generated in the ventricles (ventricular…

…continuity equation All valvular stenoses must be graded in order to optimize management according to disease severity. The most important parameter, for grading of stenoses…

[calc_mdrd] The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation for estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is: eGFR = 175 × (Scr)^ 1…

…with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that…

…myocardial perfusion imaging Diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) : Myocardial perfusion imaging can confirm or rule out CAD in patients with symptoms suggestive of CAD…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease…

…Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1…