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Empirical antibiotic therapy: quick reference for common infections

…non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose…

ACE Inhibitor Cough and Angioedema: Practical Management

…accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring in the setting of…

CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus and ongoing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Marked agitation or inability to cooperate. Copious secretions without an effective cough. Choice of method…

Spirometry

…respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease…

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Treatment Principles

…left heart disease from pulmonary vascular disease. Although a PAWP of 12 mmHg represents the upper limit of normal in some assessments, a threshold of …

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. At least one of the following provides the required evidence of ischaemia:…

Coronary Artery Disease

…For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e CCS). The new…

Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management

…updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e. CCS). The…

Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview

…with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, upper back…

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