…failure, shock and cerebral or visceral malperfusion. Type B disease may produce rupture, renal, mesenteric or limb malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid…

…L4–L5 interspace; in adults the spinal cord ends at T12–L1, so these levels encounter only the roots of the cauda equina. If in…

…restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that…

…Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been elucidated in recent studies from China and Italy (1–5…

…For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e CCS). The new…

…updated. For example, exercise stress testing is no longer recommended in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (i.e. CCS). The…

…reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms of carotid disease include: TIA; ischaemic stroke; focal neurological…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…