…of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary…

…valve disease, which results in changes in the pressure volume relationships in the ventricle and the atrium. Pressure and/or volume overload causes dilation of…

…patients with pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis experience a second thrombotic event within 10 years ( Goldhaber et al, Kearon et al ). Epidemiology of pulmonary…

…prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and thus regurgitation. Ischemia manifests with…

…Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due…

…results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation …

…III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation…

…III and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation…

…echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial…

…mitrale, because mitral valve disease is a common cause (Figure 1). The duration of the P wave will exceed 120 milliseconds in lead II. Biatrial…

…of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary…

…of dynamic LV function, valve disease, pulmonary pressure, or haemodynamics Stress imaging is not recommended in patients undergoing urgent non cardiac surgery or those with…

…from dilating adequately during diastole. This leads to increased and equivalent diastolic pressure in all rooms. Because pressure is high in the atria, filling of…

…if at least two of: age ≥80 years, weight ≤60 kg, creatinine ≥133 µmol/L Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily with food 15 mg once…

…Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary trials and observational databases report approximately 5–10%. Only about 10% of patients who develop shock present with it…

…in antiphospholipid syndrome and in marked renal failure. Duration of treatment: at least 3 months. Extended treatment in unprovoked pulmonary embolism, a persisting risk factor…

…must be integrated with the clinical history, ECG, and subsequent investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and…

…with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of…

…and of ventricular end diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical observations with a precordial dilution technic. Circulation. Redfield et al: Heart Failure with Preserved…

…thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions with minimal interruptions…

…reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing…

…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

…onset of action : 1 minute. Duration of action : <10 minutes. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering. Antianginal effect. Reduces afterload and preload. Effective in pulmonary edema…

…nearly empty). In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for…

…as individually appropriate. 3 Important study: Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock (N Engl J Med 2021; 385:516 525…

…diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema…

…for chest compressions. ECMO is considered in individuals who can survive with satisfactory quality of life if the circulation is temporarily supported by ECMO. Furthermore…

…minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation). Nausea. Vomiting. Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with…

…autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance. For example, heterozygous carriers in…

…of duration and anticoagulation status: Tachyarrhythmia with haemodynamic compromise: hypotension, shock, pulmonary oedema, myocardial ischaemia or a falling level of consciousness. Unstable monomorphic VT with…

…posterior infarction primarily in the context of suspected acute coronary syndrome and acute myocardial ischaemia. Patients may present with acute chest pain or chest pain…

…establish whether AF is associated with acute haemodynamic compromise, pulmonary oedema, or evidence of coronary ischaemia. These findings determine the urgency and type of intervention…

…annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

…in the AV node is high grade. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with narrow QRS complexes (QRS duration < 0.12 s): sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia…

…Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s) : ventricular tachycardia is the most common cause and it is potentially life…

…Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s) : ventricular tachycardia is the most common cause and it is potentially life…

…that the test failed to identify 27.8% of individuals with poor neurological recovery. The specificity of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological…

…lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC. Mutations in the desmosomal gene PKP2 is…

…Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long…

…a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed by body weight, with the maximum dose based upon 113 kg. Normal dilution: 4 mg/ml. Recommended…

…10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The QRS complex (ventricular complex): normal and abnormal configurations and intervals A complete QRS complex consists of a Q , R…

…is increased) and aortic stenosis (in which the narrowing of the opened aortic valve orifice makes it difficult for blood to flow from the ventricle…

…for calculating corrected QT duration (QTc). QT correction according to Bazett , Fridericia , Framingham and Hodges follow in the calculator below. Open the calculator → Normal…

…A duration of 6 months after ACS is generally considered too short for routine use, but it may be considered in selected patients with a…

…during which there is no significant flow across the mitral valve. The duration of diastasis is inversely related to heart rate (diastasis is shorter at…

…with time, clarity and respect is also what makes the decision hold afterwards. Organ preserving treatment — treatment given solely for the sake of the donation…

…Reperfusion therapy Management Recommendation Level of evidence Reperfusion is indicated in all patients with symptoms of ischaemia of <12 h duration and persistent ST segment…

…interpretation requires knowledge of these waves and intervals. The P wave, PR interval and PR segment ECG interpretation starts with assessment of the P wave…

…system (His Purkinje network), which results in rapid impulse transmission and thus shorter QRS duration (as compared with apical pacing). Because ventricular pacing results in…

…of synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock synchronized to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias with…

…of serious morbidity or mortality, underscoring the need for a structured and guideline directed approach. This chapter focuses on practical diagnostic and therapeutic considerations, with…