…sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain…

…there is significant stenosis ( 75% luminal obstruction) of the left main coronary artery (LAD) or 2 epicardial coronary arteries (Felker et al). Left ventricular dilation…

…the pathophysiology of NSTEMI and unstable angina is very similar: both are due to partial (incomplete) coronary artery occlusions , which implies that there remains residual…

…and symmetric. Their duration is short; they typically disappear within minutes after a total occlusion in a coronary artery occurs (then of course, the ST…

…than does ventricular rhythm; idioventricular rhythm is primarily seen after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia…

…muscle rupture. The risk of rupture is greater for the posteromedial papillary muscle, which only receives blood supply from one coronary artery (Coronary arteries). Chronic…

…including myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death are important potential complications. Approximately one third of patients may…

…is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke. In untreated AF, stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in…

…after acute coronary syndromes in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). They are also recommended in patients within one year of MI and…

…LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details, refer to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may cause…

…and prognosis of most cardiac diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters…

…with lesion anatomy, clinical presentation, bleeding risk, the anticipated need for non cardiac surgery, procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery…

…within 120 minutes Fibrinolysis within 10 minutes of the diagnosis, if symptom duration is under 12 hours and there is no contraindication After successful fibrinolysis…

…safe in patients with coronary artery disease since it does not increase heart rate, and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption. Time to onset of action: 5…

…coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive…

…prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or…

…cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow…

…establish whether AF is associated with acute haemodynamic compromise, pulmonary oedema, or evidence of coronary ischaemia. These findings determine the urgency and type of intervention…

…patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who continue. After acute coronary syndrome…

…of patients who develop shock present with it at hospital admission; approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization. Patients who develop shock often have severe multivessel coronary…

…with satisfactory quality of life if the circulation is temporarily supported by ECMO. Furthermore, ECMO might be required to facilitate procedures such as percutaneous coronary…

…circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would reduce the infarct size by 60%, as compared with…

…delivered bolus to achieve sufficiently high concentrations at its clinical site of action—the coronary artery perfusing the AV node—before the drug is eliminated…

…independent of ischaemia. Maximal exercise capacity, expressed by exercise duration, workload or metabolic equivalents, is among the strongest predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular…

…in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy…

…contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and…

…contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and…

…contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and…

…a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed by body weight, with the maximum dose based upon 113 kg. Normal dilution: 4 mg/ml. Recommended…

…thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions with minimal interruptions…

…reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing…

…A duration of 6 months after ACS is generally considered too short for routine use, but it may be considered in selected patients with a…

…to optimize the effectiveness of CPR. Yet, there are fundamental gaps in knowledge, with some of the most critical components of current guidelines being based…

…the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction). 1 Initial diagnosis of STEMI…

…and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in…

…failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced angina or ischaemia associated with obstructive epicardial coronary…

…a few hours after the onset of myocardial infarction. This is utilized in clinical practice by detecting troponins in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes…

…No flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and brain damage progresses…

…UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

…Prasugrel, administered in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…chronic coronary syndromes treated with elective PCI, the standard DAPT duration is six months, usually with aspirin and clopidogrel. Shortening therapy to one to three…

…particularly when the clinical presentation is compatible with acute coronary syndrome. Recurrent or persistent symptoms should prompt repeat ECG acquisition and consideration of additional leads…

…The reader should already be familiar with the classification of acute coronary syndromes. Subsequent chapters will deal with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and…

…autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance. For example, heterozygous carriers in…

…of all cause death and cardiovascular death, compared to patients without such disturbances, including those with RBBB and LBBB. This was reported in the Coronary…

…in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with high…

…treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke…

…anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other…

…displacement, annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes…

…individuals with poor neurological recovery. The specificity of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological outcome was 68.8%. This implies that approximately one…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of…

…proximal portion of the pulmonary artery may also be dilated in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography in pulmonary regurgitation Echocardiography is the modality of choice…

…profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has…

…It should be noted that imaging of the right ventricle requires an experienced echocardiographer. Three dimensional (3D) echocardiography should be considered in laboratories with expertise…

…because cardiac output diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation are aortic dissection…

…ventricle, which is counteracted by dilatation of the ventricle. Dilatation of the right ventricle results in reduced intraventricular pressure and thereby reduced myoardial load. Pulmonary…

…the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC. Mutations in the desmosomal gene PKP2 is…

…assessment of tricuspid stenosis. Yet, there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets, with reduced…

…10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10…