…on dyspnoea and oxygenation. Atelectasis and postoperative hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV:…

…In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest…

Nitroglycerin Patients using nitroglycerin regularly may have developed tolerance and require higher doses, alternatively nitroprusside to achieve desirable blood pressure lowring effect. Drug Nitroglycerin Brand…

…of the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease (1 point) E thanol abuse (1 point) M alignancy…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease…

…dL in men or <12 g/dL in women (3 points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent …

…Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation is a widely used tool for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which assesses kidney function. Developed from the…

…an acronym that stands for: H ypertension A bnormal renal/liver function S troke B leeding history or predisposition L abile INR (International Normalized Ratio)…

…and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) . Developed through expert consensus and validated in the SYNTAX trial, this tool evaluates angiographic characteristics to predict clinical outcomes…

…decompensated heart failure (DHF). In the critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management…

…Relocate to a safe position if required. 2. Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a collapse (out of hospital or in hospital) the first task…

…important parameter in the assessment of ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy. Numerous formulas have been developed to approximate ventricular mass. Most formulas are simple mathematical equations…

…Failure (1 point) H ypertension (1 point) A₂ ge ≥75 years (2 points) D iabetes Mellitus (1 point) S₂ troke, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), or…

…based on the HCM Risk SCD formula , a validated risk prediction model developed I relatively large patient cohorts. It incorporates key clinical and echocardiographic parameters…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…reduce this residual risk without necessarily altering lipid concentrations, blood pressure or other conventional risk factors. Colchicine is an established anti inflammatory drug that may…

…Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in developed countries…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Principles of atrial and ventricular enlargement (hypertrophy and dilatation) Cardiac chamber enlargement refers to abnormally large atria or abnormally large ventricles…

…muscle damage or inflammation may result in elevated cTnT levels. Although both troponin T and I may be chronically elevated in patients with renal failure…

…diagnostic specificity but low sensitivity. These indexes were developed several decades ago but they are still in use in clinical practice. It should be noted…

…of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence…

…arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except that an electrical charge developed…

…which result in secondary ST T changes. Such ST T changes may mimic (simulate) or mask ischemia. Simulation of ischemia manifests as ST segment elevations…

…disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and validated for the prediction of heart failure, coronary artery disease…

…Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or cause bradycardia (e.g. beta blockers in heart failure). In such scenarios…

…a clinical diagnosis, often described as acute brain failure. It is precipitated by somatic illness, drugs, poisoning, withdrawal, surgery or several concurrent factors. A diagnosis…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is recommended. ICDs provide immediate intervention during…

…syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is recommended. ICDs provide immediate intervention during…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…QS, R or Rs complex suggests VT. If the QRS complex in V1–V2 resembles a left bundle branch block (i.e negative QRS) V1…

…Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology…

…wave systolic flow reversal, Qualitative parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Mitral valve apparatus normal or mildly abnormal often abnormal abnormal, possibly flail CW…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…during exercise. The patient developed atrial fibrillation at 55 years of age. At age 64 he developed ventricular fibrillation and aborted sudden cardiac death. His…

…failure, arrhythmias, silent myocardial ischaemia or sudden cardiac death. Important clinical features suggesting UA include a prolonged episode at rest, newly developed severe angina, or…

…the presence or absence of an acute coronary occlusion, rather than rigid ECG thresholds. Several machine learning models for ECG interpretation have been developed to…

…and evolution How do symptoms start (suddenly or gradually)? When did the patient first note the symptoms and how have the symptoms developed over time…

…Collateral circulation develops in ischemic myocardium because longstanding ischemia causes the myocardium to secrete growth factors (particularly VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) which stimulate nearby…

…during physical exertion). Therefore, to judge whether the QT interval is normal or not, one must adjust for the current heart rate. This is done…

…and the apex rotates counterclockwise. This rotating, or twisting, contraction is called circumferential shortening (Figure 1C). Left ventricular function depends on a complex interaction between…

…lead ECG Numerous conditions that can be diagnosed using the 12 lead ECG require that ECG changes occur in two or more anatomically contiguous leads…

…occurs after an abrupt reduction or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…effusion is substantial or when haemodynamic consequences develop. In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate…

…elevation, or an equivalent electrocardiographic pattern, suggesting acute coronary occlusion. Most patients with this working diagnosis subsequently develop myocardial necrosis and cardiac troponin elevation, although…

…the left ventricle during diastole. The hemodynamic consequences of aortic regurgitation depend on whether the condition develops acutely or gradually. Acute aortic regurgitation Acute aortic…

…typically emerge between 6 and 16 hours after symptom onset, but may occasionally develop earlier. Standard textbooks have traditionally taught that the pathological Q wave…

…periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table 1). Children and healthy adults may also develop tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy (Gopinnathair et al). Long term prognosis is excellent…

…gas is the reference method when the question concerns oxygenation, precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain…

…brain infarction) Donation after circulatory death Starting point A ventilated patient who develops total brain infarction An intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment…

…be fatal (should be suspected if patient develops altered mental status and lactic acidosis). Fatal outcomes are rare. Renal failure increases risk of cyanide toxicity…

…after severe or prolonged ischaemia may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, with potential renal failure and increased mortality. Clinical presentation and symptoms Symptoms commonly develop rapidly…

…More broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or conduction failure. The pathophysiology of these events may stem from reversible causes…

…important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate reduced cardiac output or impaired renal perfusion…

…because of flow limiting disease, myocardial ischaemia may develop. The electrical manifestation may be horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression, reflecting an abnormal repolarization response…

…In untreated HeFH, CAD commonly develops during the third or fourth decade in males and approximately 10 years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated…

…help assess for these complications, although coronary angiography may be required when acute native vessel or stent thrombosis must be excluded. Diagnostics Echocardiography TTE is…