CPR The course from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to death follows a pathophysiological process that affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that…

…Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of glycogen, relaxation of myofibrils, and disruption…

…gradual progression from coarse VF to fine VF and finally asystole is the result of diminishing ATP concentration in the myocardium. ATP depletion results in…

…reperfusion is strongly time dependent. The interval from symptom onset to reperfusion is determined by patient recognition and help seeking, pre hospital assessment and transport…

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

…by the pulse generator can be calculated as follows: I = V/R Given that voltage (V) is constant and battery depletion must be minimized…

…that the aortic valve leaks during diastole, such that blood regurgitates back from the aorta into the left ventricle. This results in volume overload in…

…As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy, which is why some experts have suggested that the term atrial abnormality be used…

…considered a normal finding. The regurgitation results in blood flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole. The most common cause…

…line ) of the ECG curve. The amplitude of any deflection/wave is measured by using the PR segment as the baseline. Several conditions can reduce…

…papillary muscle, which only receives blood supply from one coronary artery (Coronary arteries). Chronic myocardial ischemia may also lead to left ventricular dilation, which is…

…for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which assesses kidney function. Developed from the MDRD study, this equation incorporates variables such as serum creatinine, age…

…portion is slightly negative (the vector generated by left atrial activation heads away from V1). Occasionally, the negative deflection is also seen in lead V2…

…pauses. In an ICD patient, EMI may be interpreted as ventricular tachyarrhythmia and trigger inappropriate antitachycardia treatment unless detection and therapy are disabled. Conversely, asynchronous…

…misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important. Current European recommendations advise screening…

…without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is distinguished from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis…

…Indeed, the greatest opportunities for survival exist during the first few minutes from collapse. Table 1 shows the number needed to treat (NNT) for various…

…in asystole and sudden death. In echocardiography, tumour should be suspected in case of detection of ecotdense tissue masses. However, the majority of all ecotate…

…arthritis (RA) Iatrogenic stenosis after mitral valve surgery Myxoma obstructing outflow from the left atrium Atrial thrombus obstructing atrial outflow Endocarditis Hemodynamic consequences of mitral…

…use of computed tomography (CT), and improvements in CT techniques, have increased the detection of pulmonary embolism. Currently, the lifetime risk of developing venous thromboembolism…

…Note that 10% of wide complex tachycardias actually originate from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g…

…Other guideline formulations similarly define resistant hypertension as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses…

…frequently misunderstood. The following rules apply when naming the waves: A deflection is only referred to as a wave if it passes the baseline. If…

…pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via the optic nerve (CN II) to the midbrain…

…the QRS complex. The PR interval is assessed in order to determine whether impulse conduction from the atria to the ventricles is normal. The flat…

…Note that 10% of wide complex tachycardias actually originate from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g…

…and it provides adequate opportunities for rhythm diagnostics, as well as detection of T waves and R waves. It is essential that T waves and…

…depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin activity increase the effect of enalaprilat, and may cause severe hypotension…

…blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin

…blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin

…sudden cardiac arrest is common. The following cardiomyopathies lead to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Diabetic…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy…

…FASS) before administration — concentrations and formulations differ between units, and most serious dosing errors arise at the dilution step, not in the choice of dose…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases total peripheral…

…by body weight, with the maximum dose based upon 113 kg. Normal dilution: 4 mg/ml. Recommended initial dose: 3 mg/kg, given over 10…

…and characterization of symptoms Heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise Detection of exercise induced arrhythmias Identification of exercise related ST segment changes Prognostic…

…and the arrhythmia itself. This remodeling manifests as interstitial fibrosis, atrial dilation, and endocardial denudation, which collectively promote local inflammation and create a highly prothrombotic…

…Intervention Included in BLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest Yes 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR Yes 15 Hasselqvist…

…most common indications are as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Evaluation of coronary artery disease…

…significant stenosis. Tricuspid stenosis results in increased right atrial pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of…

…P wave duration and increased bifid appearance in II, together with a more pronounced biphasic deflection in V1. P pulmonale: increased P wave amplitude in…

…status, the concentration, the dilution instructions and the local protocol before prescribing. Basic principles of treatment The patient should be managed in an emergency department…

…mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10 mg…

…left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass. Initially, myocardial abnormalities may be subclinical. Progressive dilation can subsequently impair…

…has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms of carotid disease include…

…improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and lipid abnormalities. CAC should therefore…

…Where resources permit, objective assessment may include directly observed treatment or detection of prescribed medications in blood or urine samples. In patients with an estimated…

…of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with variable penetrance and expressivity…

…with electrical axis 30° to 0°. QS complex implies that the entire QRS complex is comprised of one negative deflection. The following figure shows pathological…

…of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular end diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical observations with a precordial dilution technic. Circulation…

…if the tricuspid annulus diameter is 4 cm. Severe tricuspid regurgitation results in right ventricular and atrial dilation. Tricuspid regurgitation leads to pressure and volume…