CPR The course from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to death follows a pathophysiological process that affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that…

…Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of glycogen, relaxation of myofibrils, and disruption…

…gradual progression from coarse VF to fine VF and finally asystole is the result of diminishing ATP concentration in the myocardium. ATP depletion results in…

…reperfusion is strongly time dependent. The interval from symptom onset to reperfusion is determined by patient recognition and help seeking, pre hospital assessment and transport…

…many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The…

…by the pulse generator can be calculated as follows: I = V/R Given that voltage (V) is constant and battery depletion must be minimized…

…that the aortic valve leaks during diastole, such that blood regurgitates back from the aorta into the left ventricle. This results in volume overload in…

…As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy, which is why some experts have suggested that the term atrial abnormality be used…

…considered a normal finding. The regurgitation results in blood flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole. The most common cause…

…line ) of the ECG curve. The amplitude of any deflection/wave is measured by using the PR segment as the baseline. Several conditions can reduce…