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Lumbar puncture

…cord ends at T12–L1, so these levels encounter only the roots of the cauda equina. If in doubt: choose a level lower, never higher…

Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction

…costs approximately $10 (10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Importantly, the ECG findings dictate the management of…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside. The check against the patient's…

Casting and immobilisation

…right down to the skin — a cast split only through the plaster layer does not relieve the pressure. Common splints and casts Injury Immobilisation Comment…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis), constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion and tamponade. Less common are cysts and tumors of the pericardium…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…are often not performed due to the high costs. The difficulties in determining the cause of out of hospital cardiac arrest are reflected in the…

The chain of survival in sudden cardiac arrest

…of survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest. Although the required skills, complexity and costs of interventions increase with each step in the chain of…

Hypertension: Causes, investigations, complications & treatment

…and costs at 140/90 mm Hg. However, it may be argued that this cutoff is somewhat arbitrary and there may be individual benefits of…

🚫 Download the Pocket Guide to ECG Interpretation (PDF)

…methodological ECG interpretation. We recommend this approach as it minimizes the risk of missing important abnormalities and also speeds up the ECG interpretation. Press the…

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