…marked LVH with ST T changes — is an argument for imaging rather than a conventional exercise test. Preparation and equipment Cycle ergometer with a braked…

…bpm) = 60000 / cycle length Cycle length (ms) = 60000 / heart rate Heart rate (BPM) Cycle length (ms) Heart rate (BPM) Cycle length (ms) 20…

…The energy cost is expressed as multiples of the resting metabolic rate. For example, 5 METs imply that the energy cost of activity is equal…

[calc_map] Mean arterial pressure (MAP) represents the average pressure within the arteries throughout a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is…

…cold alone. The temperature at the outer edge of the tissue is decisive: benign tissue requires about −25 °C for reliable cell death, malignant tissue…

…vector fluctuate throughout the cardiac cycle as depolarization and repolarization progress [3]. The mean electrical axis is typically calculated for ventricular activation in the frontal…

…it encompasses both synchronized cardioversion and defibrillation ; the key distinction is timing relative to the cardiac cycle, since a shock delivered asynchronously on the T…

…the ventricular pressure is less than the left atrial pressure, the mitral valve opens and the cycle is repeated. Stroke volume (SV) and stroke work …

…increases sinus cycle length. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not cover the baseline clinical presentation and symptoms of the arrhythmias for which…

…vice versa. Thus, long cycles (i.e. long RR intervals) are associated with long refractory periods and short RR intervals have shorter refractory periods. Aberrant…

…The cardiac cycle starts when cells in the sinoatrial node discharge an action potential that spreads as an electrical impulse through the atria and – via…

…decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles during tachycardia (e.g during physical exertion). Therefore…

…activation) and thus triggers another ventricular stimulation. This cycle may repeat itself so that a tachyarrhythmia is established. Pacemaker mediated tachycardia on ECG Pacemaker beats…

…ratio [iFR], resting full cycle ratio [RFR], and related resting indices) simplified the procedure by removing the need for pharmacologic hyperemia, and angiography derived indices…

…discussion. A premature ventricular complex is recognized on the ECG as an abnormal and wide QRS complex occurring earlier than expected in the cardiac cycle…

…used specifically for AV blocks. Mobitz type 1 block is characterized by a gradual prolongation of the PR interval over a few heart cycles until…

…aorta can be regarded as a cylinder, and the same assumption can be made for the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the…

…introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac Arrest) : Sudden and unexpected…

…of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the…

…to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF. Antiarrhythmic agents: doses, indications…

…wave amplitudes in lead II and V1. If P wave not clearly visible: look for retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between…

…Dressler syndrome. A pericardial effusion measuring more than 10 mm at end diastole after AMI should prompt investigation for possible subacute cardiac rupture, particularly when…

…to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF. Antiarrhythmic agents: doses, indications…

…can be detected using electrodes. The electrocardiograph (ECG machine) records and processes these electrical currents and presents them as the electrocardiogram (ECG). As mentioned earlier…

…collaterals, it may survive for 60 minutes in the case of a total occlusion or 5 hours in the case of a partial occlusion. Coronary…

…amplitudes in lead II and V1. If P wave is not clearly visible: look for retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between…

…activation) followed by repolarization (recovery). The cardiac cycle starts when the sinus node discharges the first action potential, which then spreads through the myocardium like…

…system ensures rapid and synchronized spread of depolarization, which is essential for coordinated and efficient atrial and ventricular activity. The conduction system includes the sinoatrial …

…Figure 2, a modified Wiggers diagram, provides a comprehensive view of the phases and events during the cardiac cycle. As illustrated in Figure 2, diastole…

…sound wave. Amplitude is denoted in the unit decibels (dB) . Frequency Frequency is the number of wave cycles per second. The unit of frequency, which…

…pulsed wave Doppler sends and analyses sound waves sequentially. The ultrasound machine is programmed to ignore all signals, except those reflected from a certain depth…

…diameter varies during the respiratory cycle. Thus, the pressure in the inferior vena cava is used as a proxy for pressure in the right atrium…

…P P interval is gradually decreased. The ensuing pause is twice as long as the cardiac cycle preceding the block. The P P interval after…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

…the skin it is possible to detect these electrical currents. The electrocardiograph (ECG machine) compares, amplifies and filters the electrical potential differences recorded by the…

…Tissue tracking is used to calculate the distance that the myocardium moves during the cardiac cycle. The predominant technique for tissue tracking is speckle tracking…

…Traumatic cardiac arrests typically result from mechanisms that render chest compressions ineffective. For instance, a traumatic hemorrhage can deplete intravascular volume to such an extent…