…or more with continuing bleeding, or a smaller measured blood loss if there is physiological compromise. Do not wait for hypotension in young, pregnant or…

…to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension…

…to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension…

…progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is…

…known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need is more than brief: continuing pacing dependence, inadequate or unachievable transcutaneous capture, or when…

…Shortening therapy to one to three months is an option when bleeding risk is very high. Prasugrel or ticagrelor may be considered after complex interventions…

…instability or a large area of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock, serious arrhythmia or acute…

…5–15 mg of morphine in total. If more than that is required without effect, reconsider the pain mechanism instead of continuing to increase the…

…lactate or metabolic acidosis repeated fresh haematemesis haematochezia in combination with circulatory compromise a rapidly falling haemoglobin after fluid treatment has been started a continuing…

…hours after an acute infarction—patients may develop hypotension and signs of end organ hypoperfusion. In severe cases, bradycardia may progress to bradyarrhythmic arrest or…

…implanting a permanent pacemaker and continuing the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or cause bradycardia (e.g…

…mitral valve or the tricuspid valve. This is explained by the principle of continuity (the continuity equation) , which states that the volume of blood flowing…

…been more closely associated with cardiovascular risk than LDL C in many studies, although the relative advantage of apoB over non HDL C or standard…

…C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing particle carries one apoB molecule…

…Symptoms develop after treatment initiation or dose escalation. They improve after discontinuation. They recur with rechallenge. The pattern is reproducible with more than one exposure…

…one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in the appropriate clinical context. Unstable Angina presents with clinical and/or electrocardiographic signs of…

…emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart…

…12 ounce regular beer containing approximately 5% alcohol, 5 fluid ounces of wine containing approximately 12% alcohol, or 1.5 fluid ounces of 40% distilled…

…particles. Increased apoB containing particles and remnants may provide a more accurate assessment of atherogenic burden than LDL cholesterol alone in patients with diabetes. Insulin…

…The diagnosis of pericarditis is clinical and is supported by additional findings. A definite diagnosis requires a compatible clinical presentation plus more than one additional…

…on the etiology, may be more or less echogenic. It is important to estimate the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location…

…adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), and increasing the permeability of the endothelium to circulating apolipoprotein B (ApoB) containing lipoproteins, predominantly low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

…titrated against the urine pH. A common starting point is an infusion rate giving about 2–3 mL/kg/hour of a bicarbonate containing sol

…passed. An attempt can convert a partial rupture into a complete one. Contact the urologist or the surgeon on call for urethrography and suprapubic drainage…

…gradient ≥ 5 mmHg Valve area according to the continuity equation (cm²) ≤ 1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half…

…gradient ≥ 5 mmHg Valve area according to the continuity equation (cm²) ≤ 1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half…

…of future cardiac events in patients with known CAD or after myocardial infarction. Assessing myocardial viability: Myocardial perfusion imaging can determine whether dysfunctional myocardium or…

…calculated using PISA, as follows: Q PISA = area PISA • v aliasing v aliasing = aliasing speed According to the principle of continuity , the flow…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…