…the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below…

…contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring, secure intravenous access, assess the circulation and the bleeding risk, and exclude dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other…

…interchangeable nozzles, or a cryoprobe for contact technique. Cotton buds for small lesions (these give a more superficial and less controllable depth of freeze). A…

…intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has stopped. The…

…any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology…

…possible due to the small distance between the heart and the ultrasound transducer, and because less air filled lung tissue covers the heart. In adults…

…three hours. The evidence for an absolute one hour requirement is clearest in septic shock and less certain in sepsis without shock [3,4]. The…

…abdominal or thoracic surgery 1 month Neurosurgery or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An…

…Give a full loading dose of an intravenous antiseizure drug If the seizure continues after adequate step 1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia…

…or as a substitute for mobilisation and bladder training. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected urethral injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal or scrotal haematoma…